Genetics and Molecular Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Nucleic Acid

A

Macromolecules that contain genetic information for protein synthesis.

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2
Q

Nucleic acid structure

A

1.) Phosphate group- Neg charged oxygen atoms bonded to it
2.) Pentose molecule- Ribose or deoxyribose
3.) Nitrogen base- Can give molecules to carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

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3
Q

Who discovered nucleic acids?

A

Friedrich Miescher- From the white blood cells contained in pus he got from used hospital bandages.

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4
Q

Gene expression

A

Process of using the information in a gene to create a protein inside a cell.

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5
Q

Proteins

A

Macromolecules that direct all structures and functions of the cell, allowing gene regulation to be tightly controlled.

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6
Q

Steps for gene expression

A
  1. Transcription
  2. mRNA processing
  3. mRNA export
  4. Translation
  5. Protein folding
  6. Protein translocation
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7
Q

Splicing

A

Process where introns are removed from the transcript, and the remaining exons are attached back together.

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8
Q

Introns

A

Non-coding sections of the mRNA

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9
Q

Exons

A

The remaining coding sections of mRNA

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10
Q

Alternative splicing

A

mRNA can be sliced in different ways to create different proteins

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11
Q

Stop codon

A

Signals for translation to stop

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12
Q

Ways that gene expression is regulated

A
  • Transcription factors
  • Stability of mRNA
  • Alternative splicing
  • Post-transcriptional regulation
  • Post-translational modifications
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13
Q

Ways to measure gene expression

A

-Western blot
-Immunofluorescence
- Microarray
- RT-PCR
- In situ hybridization

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14
Q

Insertion mutation

A

Additional nucleotides are inserted into the DNA

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15
Q

Complementary base pairs

A

Adenine–Thymine (RNA it is uracil)
Cytosine–Guanine

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16
Q

Frameshift mutation

A

All of the codons downstream from the mutation are changed

17
Q

Causes of insertion mutation

A
  • By chance during errors in DNA replication
  • By chemicals or radiation
18
Q

Examples of insertion mutation

A
  • Fragile X syndrome
  • Huntington’s disease
    -Myotonic dystrophy
  • Cystic fibrosis
19
Q

Deletion mutation

A

When a nucleobase is removed from the DNA sequence

20
Q

Substitution mutation

A

When a nucleobase is substituted for another nucleobase.

21
Q

Duplication mutation

A

When a section of the DNA sequence is repeated

22
Q

Causes of deletion mutation

A
  • Translocation
  • Unequal chromosome crossovers
23
Q

Types of deletion mutations

A
  • Point mutation (affects a single nucleobase)
  • Frameshift mutation (when one deletion shift all nucleobases in the reading frame)
  • Chromosome deletion (An entire missing piece of a chromosome)
24
Q

Restriction enzymes (endonucleases)

A

Proteins that recognize and cleave specific DNA sequences. Found only in bacteria.

25
Werner Arber
Discovered restriction enzymes in the 1960s
26
Hamilton Smith
Reproduced Arber's results, and named them
27
Dan Nathans
Used the work of Arber and Smith to pioneer the field of molecular biology and genetics
28
EcoR1 works by... (3 steps)
1.) EcoR1 (a restriction enzyme) recognizes DNA sequence GAATTC, and loosely binds to it. 2.) EcoR1 active site closes and binds more tightly forming a kink in the viral DNA. 3.) When kink is in right orientation, active site binds even more tightly until it cleaves the 5' and 3' DNA sequence between G and A.
29
Restriction enzyme rules (3)
- Cleavage site sequences are usually palindromic (reads the same forward as backwards) - After cleavage, restriction enzymes leave sticky ends - Most restriction enzyme cleavage sequences are 4-6 bases long
30
Main usage of restriction enzymes in molecular biology
Construct plasmids that can express specific gene products in a cell. After cutting the gene fragment, the gene can be amplified and then purified.
31
5 types of restriction enzymes
I- Cut DNA far from the recognition sequences II- Cut at specific positions closer to or within the restriction sites; most common type and used for DNA analysis and gene cloning III- Multifunctional proteins with the subunits Res and Mod IV- Know to cleave methylated DNA and use recognition sequences similar to II V- Made up of dimers, require magnesium as a cofactor, and uses an RNA guide sequence instead of DNA. Used for CRISPR
32
DNA polymerase
When DNA separates during replication, a special protein known as DNA polymerase comes in and adds in the new nucleotides.
33
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Used to make many copies of a DNA sample in the lab.
34
Recombinant DNA
DNA that is cut and pasted together from multiple sources.
35
Two-step process for recombinant DNA technology
1.) Restriction enzymes to cut through the double helix of bacteria. 2.) DNA ligase to paste the separate pieces of DNA back together.
36
Applications of recombinant DNA
- GMOs - Disease research
37
Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer applied for a patent for...
Recombinant DNA technology