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GENERAL BIOLOGY > The Cell: Parts and its Function > Flashcards

The Cell: Parts and its Function Flashcards

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1
Q

In 1665, __________ used a microscope to examine a tTHIN SLICE OF CORK (dead plant cells)

A

Robert Hooke

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2
Q

What he saw looked like small boxes. He is responsible for naming cells. He called them “CELLS” because they looked like the small rooms that monks lived in called Cells

A

Robert Hooke

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3
Q

In 1673, __________ (a Dutch microscope maker), was first to view organism (LIVING THINGS).HE used a simple, handheld microscope to view POND WATER & SCRAPINGS FROM HIS TEETH

A

Leeuwenhoek

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4
Q

In 1838, a German botanist named _______ concluded that all PLANTS WERE MADE OF CELLS . HE is a cofounder of the cell theory

A

Matthias Schleiden

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5
Q

In 1839, a German zoologist named ________ concluded that all ANIMLAS WERE MADE OF CELLS. HE also cofounded the cell theory

A

Theodore Schwann

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6
Q

In 1855, a German medical doctor named __________ observed, under the microscope, CELLS DIVIDING. He reasoned that all cells COME FROM OTHER PRE-EXISITING CELLS by cell division

A

Rudolph Virchow

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7
Q

CELL THEORY

A

All living things are made of cells
Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in an organism (basic unit of life)
Cells come from the reproduction of existing cells (cell division)

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8
Q

blob-like structure

A

amoeba

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9
Q

Cells differ in _____, some are microscopic and only few are not.

A

sizes

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10
Q

two type of cells

A

prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

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11
Q

All cells share four common components:

A

a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, ribosomes.

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12
Q

an outer covering that separates the cell’s interior from its surrounding environment

A

plasma membrane

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13
Q

consisting of a jelly-like region within the cell in which other cellular components are found

A

cytoplasm

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14
Q

The genetic material of the cell

A

DNA

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15
Q

Unlike Archaea and eukaryotes, bacteria have a cell wall made of ________, comprised of sugars and amino acids, and many have a polysaccharide capsule

A

peptidoglycan

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16
Q

acts as an extra layer of protection, helps the cell maintain its shape, and prevents dehydration

A

cell wall

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17
Q

used for locomotion

A

Flagella

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18
Q

used to exchange genetic material during a type of reproduction called conjugation.

A

pili

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19
Q

a cell that has a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound compartments or sacs, called organelles, which have specialized functions.

A

eukaryotic cell

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20
Q

The word eukaryotic means “_______” or “_________”

A

true kernel OR true nucleus

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21
Q

The word “organelle” means “____________”

A

little organ

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22
Q

have specialized cellular functions

A

organelles

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23
Q

They have NO TRUE NUCLEUS as the DNA is not contained within a membrane or separated from the rest of the cell, but is coiled up in a region of the cytoplasm called the nucleoid.

A

Prokaryotic Cells

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24
Q

most common bacteria shapes

A

spherical, rod-shaped, and spiral.

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25
Q

Found in some bacterial cells, this ADDITIONAL OUTER COVERING protects the cell when it is engulfed by other organisms, assists in retaining moisture, and helps the cell adhere to surfaces and nutrients.

A

Capsule

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26
Q

an OUTER COVERING that PROTECTS the bacterial cell and GIVES IT SHAPE

A

Cell Wall

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27
Q

a GEL-LIKE substance composed mainly of water that also contains enzymes, salts, cell components, and various organic molecules.

A

Cytoplasm

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28
Q

surrounds the cell’s cytoplasm and REGULATES THE FLOW OF SUBSTANCES in and out of the cell.

A

Cell Membrane or Plasma Membrane

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29
Q

HAIR-LIKE STRUCTURES on the surface of the cell that attach to other bacterial cells.

A

Pili (Pilus singular)

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30
Q

Shorter pili called ______ help bacteria attach to surfaces.

A

fimbriae

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31
Q

are long, WHIP-LIKE protrusions that aid in cellular LOCOMOTION.

A

Flagella

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32
Q

are cell structures responsible for PROTEIN PRODUCTION.

A

Ribosomes

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33
Q

are GENE-CARRYING, circular DNA structures that are NOT INVOLVED in reproduction.

A

Plasmids

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34
Q

Area of the cytoplasm that contains the single bacterial DNA molecule.

A

Nucleoid Region

35
Q

Prokaryotic cells lack organelles found in eukaryoitic cells such as ________________________________________.

A

mitochondria, endoplasmic reticuli, and Golgi complexes

36
Q

According to the ________________, eukaryotic organelles are thought to have evolved from prokaryotic cells living in endosymbiotic relationships with one another.

A

Endosymbiotic Theory

37
Q

two important components of the cell

A

plasma membrane and the cytoplasm.

38
Q

made up of a PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER with embedded proteins that separates the internal contents of the cell from its surrounding environment.

A

Plasma Membrane

39
Q

a lipid molecule composed of two fatty acid chains, a glycerol backbone, and a phosphate group.

A

phospholipid

40
Q

regulates the passage of some substances, such as organic molecules, ions, and water, preventing the passage of some to maintain internal conditions, while actively bringing in or removing others

A

plasma membrane

41
Q

The plasma membranes of cells that specialize in absorption are folded into fingerlike projections called _________

A

microvilli

42
Q

comprises the contents of a cell between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope (a structure to be discussed shortly). It is made up of organelles suspended in the gel-like cytosol, the cytoskeleton, and various chemicals.

A

Cytoplasm

43
Q

Even though the cytoplasm consists of 70 to 80 percent water, it has a _______________, which comes from the proteins within it

A

semi-solid consistency

44
Q

a NETWORK OF PROTEIN FIBERS that helps to maintain the shape of the cell, secures certain organelles in specific positions, allows cytoplasm and vesicles to move within the cell, and enables unicellular organisms to move independently

A

Cytoskeleton

45
Q

three types of fibers within the cytoskeleton

A

microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

46
Q

are the THINNEST of the cytoskeletal fibers and function in moving cellular components. They also MAINTAIN THE STRUCTURE OF MICROVILLI, the extensive folding of the plasma membrane found in cells dedicated to absorption. These components are also common in muscle cells and are responsible for muscle cell contraction.

A

Microfilaments

47
Q

are of intermediate diameter and have structural functions, such as maintaining the shape of the cell and anchoring organelles.

A

Intermediate filaments

48
Q

are long, hair-like structures that extend from the plasma membrane and are used to move an entire cell

A

Flagella

49
Q

a group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that work together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins.

A

Endomembrane System

50
Q

is the MOST PROMINENT ORGANELLE in a cell. It houses the cell’s DNA in the form of chromatin and directs the synthesis of ribosomes and proteins.

A

Nucleus

51
Q

a double-membrane structure that constitutes the outermost portion of the nucleus. is punctuated with pores that control the passage of ions, molecules, and RNA between the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm.

A

nuclear envelope

52
Q

a SIRIES OF INTERCONNECTED MEMBRANOUS TUBULES that collectively modify proteins and synthesize lipids. However, these two functions are performed in separate areas of the endoplasmic reticulum: the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, respectively.

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

53
Q

is so named because the ribosomes attached to its cytoplasmic surface give it a STUDDED appearance when viewed through an electron microscope.

also makes phospholipids for cell membranes.

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

54
Q

is continuous with the RER but has few or no ribosomes on its cytoplasmic surface. The ______ functions include synthesis of carbohydrates, lipids (including phospholipids), and steroid hormones; detoxification of medications and poisons; alcohol metabolism; and storage of calcium ions.

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

55
Q

he sorting, tagging, packaging, and distribution of lipids and proteins take place in the __________________, a SERIES OF FLATTENED MEMBRANOUS SACS

A

Golgi Apparatus/GOLGI BODY

56
Q

In animal cells, the ________ are the cell’s “garbage disposal.” DIGESTIVE enzymes within the lysosomes aid the breakdown of proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and even worn-out organelles.

A

Lysosomes

57
Q

are membrane-bound sacs that function in storage and transport.

A

Vesicles and vacuoles

58
Q

are somewhat larger than vesicles, and the membrane of a vacuole does not fuse with the membranes of other cellular components.

A

Vacuoles

59
Q

Can fuse with other membranes within the cell system.

A

Vesicles

60
Q

are the cellular structures responsible for PROTEIN SYNTHESIS.

A

Ribosomes

61
Q

are often called the “powerhouses” or “energy factories” of a cell because they are responsible for making adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the cell’s main ENERGY-CARRYING molecule.

A

Mitochondria

62
Q

The formation of ATP from the breakdown of glucose is known as ________

A

cellular respiration

63
Q

is a rigid covering that PROTECTS the cell, provides STRUCTURAL SUPPORT, and GIVES SHAPE to the cell.

A

Cell Wall

64
Q

Function in photosynthesis and can be found in eukaryotic cells such as plants and algae

A

Chloroplasts

65
Q

Able to make their own food

A

autotrophs

66
Q

must rely on other organisms for their organic compounds or food source.

A

heterotrophs

67
Q

Separates cell from external environment; controls passage of organic molecules, ions, water, oxygen, and wastes into and out of the cell

A

Plasma membrane

68
Q

Provides structure to cell; site of many metabolic reactions; medium in which organelles are found

A

Cytoplasm

69
Q

Location of DNA

A

Nucleoid

70
Q

Cell organelle that houses DNA and directs synthesis of ribosomes and proteins

A

Nucleus

71
Q

Protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

72
Q

ATP production/cellular respiration

A

Mitochondria

73
Q

Oxidizes and breaks down fatty acids and amino acids, and detoxifies poisons

A

Peroxisomes

74
Q

Storage and transport; digestive function in plant cells

A

Vesicles and vacuoles

75
Q

Unspecified role in cell division in animal cells; organizing center of microtubules in animal cells

A

Centrosome

76
Q

Digestion of macromolecules; recycling of worn-out organelles

A

Lysosomes

77
Q

Protection, structural support and maintenance of cell shape

A

Cell wall

78
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Chloroplasts

79
Q

Modifies proteins and synthesizes lipids

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

80
Q

Modifies, sorts, tags, packages, and distributes lipids and proteins

A

Golgi apparatus

81
Q

Maintains cell’s shape, secures organelles in specific positions, allows cytoplasm and vesicles to move within the cell, and enables unicellular organisms to move independently

A

Cytoskeleton

82
Q

Cellular locomotion

A

Flagella

83
Q

Cellular locomotion, movement of particles along extracellular surface of plasma membrane, and filtration

A

Cilia

GENERAL BIOLOGY (9 decks)

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