CELLULAR RESPIRATION

Question 1

____________ is a process that all living things use to convert glucose into energy.

Answer 1

Cellular respiration

Question 2

three unique metabolic pathways of cellular respiration

Answer 2

glycolysis,
the citric acid cycle, and
the electron transport chain

Question 3

Oxygen is present in __________

Answer 3

aerobic respiration

Question 4

Oxygen is absent in __________

Answer 4

anaerobic respiration

Question 5

______ is the first pathway in cellular respiration.

Answer 5

Glycolysis

Question 6

where does glycolysis takes place

Answer 6

in the cytoplasm of the cell

Question 7

glycolysis breaks down _____

Answer 7

1 glucose molecule

Question 8

glycolysis produces ________

Answer 8

2 pyruvate molecules

Question 9

first half of glycolysis

Answer 9

“energy requiring” steps

Question 10

This half splits glucose, and uses up 2 ATP.

Answer 10

first half // energy requiring step

Question 11

the second half of glycolysis can proceed if ________________________________________

Answer 11

the concentration of pyruvate kinase is high enough

Question 12

Glycolysis has a net gain of __ ATP molecules and _ NADH.

Answer 12

2 ATP molecules and 2 NADH

Question 13

______ takes place in the cytosol of the cell’s cytoplasm.

Answer 13

Glycolysis

Question 14

The enzyme ____________ phosphorylates or ADDS A PHOSPHATE GROUP to glucose in a cell’s cytoplasm. In the process, a phosphate group from ATP is transferred to glucose producing glucose 6-phosphate or G6P. One molecule of ATP is consumed during this phase.

Answer 14

hexokinase

Question 15

Enzyme ___________ ISOMERIZES G6P into its isomer fructose 6-phosphate or F6P. Isomers have the same molecular formula as each other but different atomic arrangements.

Answer 15

phosphoglucomutase

Question 16

The kinase ________________ USES ANOTHER ATP MOLECULE to transfer a phosphate group to F6P in order to form fructose 1,6-bisphosphate or FBP. Two ATP molecules have been used so far.

Answer 16

phosphofructokinase

Question 17

The enzyme __________ SPLITS FRUCTOSE 1,6-bisphosphate into a ketone and an aldehyde molecule. These sugars, dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP), are isomers of each other.

Answer 17

aldolase

Question 18

The enzyme __________ isomerase RAPIDLY CONVERTS DHAP into GAP (these isomers can inter-convert). GAP is the substrate needed for the next step of glycolysis.

Answer 18

triose-phosphate

Question 19

The enzyme ______________________________ serves TWO FUNCTIONS in this reaction. First, it dehydrogenates GAP by transferring one of its hydrogen (H⁺) molecules to the oxidizing agent nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) to form NADH + H⁺. Next, GAPDH adds a phosphate from the cytosol to the oxidized GAP to form 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPG). Both molecules of GAP produced in the previous step undergo this process of dehydrogenation and phosphorylation.

Answer 19

glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)

Question 20

The enzyme __________________ TRANSFERS A PHOSPHATE from BPG to a molecule of ADP to form ATP. This happens to each molecule of BPG. This reaction yields two 3-phosphoglycerate (3 PGA) molecules and two ATP molecules.

Answer 20

phosphoglycerokinase

Question 21

The enzyme ____________ RELOCATES the P of the two 3 PGA molecules from the third to the second carbon to form two 2-phosphoglycerate (2 PGA) molecules.

Answer 21

phosphoglyceromutase

Question 22

The enzyme __________ REMOVES A MOLECULE OF WATER from 2-phosphoglycerate to form phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). This happens for each molecule of 2 PGA from Step 8.

Answer 22

enolase

Question 23

The enzyme __________ transfers a P from PEP to ADP to form pyruvate and ATP. This happens for each molecule of PEP. This reaction yields two molecules of pyruvate and two ATP molecules.

Answer 23

pyruvate kinase

Question 24

The citric acid cycle is also known as

Answer 24

KREBS CYCLE

Question 25

is the second pathway in cellular respiration

Answer 25

citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle)

Question 26

where does the krebs cycle takes place

Answer 26

in the mitochondria

Question 27

The citric acid cycle is considered an ___________ pathway

Answer 27

aerobic

Question 28

Most ATP from glucose is generated in the _______________

Answer 28

electron transport chain

Question 29

It is the only part of cellular respiration that directly consumes oxygen; however, in some prokaryotes, this is an anaerobic pathway.

Answer 29

electron transport chain

Question 30

In eukaryotes, where does electron transport chain takes place _______________________.

Answer 30

in the inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 31

In prokaryotes, where does electron transport chain takes place _______________________.

Answer 31

plasma membrane.

Question 32

The electron transport chain is made up of how many proteins

Answer 32

4 PROTEINS

Question 33

is a metabolic process in which an organism converts a carbohydrate, such as starch or a sugar, into an alcohol or an acid.

Answer 33

FERMENTATION

Question 34

The study of fermentation is called ________.

Answer 34

zymology

Question 35

The term “ferment” comes from the Latin word ______, which means “to boil.”

Answer 35

fervere

Question 36

the first ZYMURGIST or scientist to study FERMENTATION when he demonstrated fermentation was caused by living cells.

Answer 36

Louis Pasteur

Question 37

German chemist _____________________ ground yeast, extracted fluid from them, and found the liquid could ferment a sugar solution.

Answer 37

Eduard Buechner

Question 38

_________’s experiment is considered the beginning of the science of biochemistry, earning him the 1907 Nobel Prize in chemistry.

Answer 38

Buechner