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GENERAL BIOLOGY > MACRO MOLECULES OF LIFE > Flashcards

MACRO MOLECULES OF LIFE Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q
  • are large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms
  • molecular structure and function are INSEPARABLE
A

MACRO MOLECULES

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2
Q
  • the building blocks of our body
  • are important in our biological processes such as, but not limited to; cellular respiration, inheritance, gene expression, and immune response
A

BIOMOLECULES

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3
Q

4 TYPES OF BIOMOLECULES

A

CARBOHYDRATES
LIPIDS
PROTEINS
NUCLEIC ACID

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4
Q

small building block molecules

A

MONOMER

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5
Q

a LONG MOLECULE consisting of many similar building blocks

A

POLYMER

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6
Q

are polymers built from monomers

A

MACROMOLECULES

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7
Q

most abundant biomolecules in Earth

A

CARBOHYDRATES

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8
Q

Carbohydrates is commonly called as

A

sugars

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9
Q

energy sources and structural component of cell wall in plants and fungi

A

CARBOHYDRTAES

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10
Q

critical components of nucleic acid

A

CARBOHYDRATES

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11
Q
  • simple sugars
  • single sugars in Greek
  • simplest carbohydrates
A

MONOSACCHARIDES

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12
Q

monosaccharides are composed of how many atoms

A

3 or more carbon atoms

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13
Q

2 types of monosaccharides

A
  1. ALDOSES
  2. KETOSES
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14
Q

a type of monosaccharides which has an ALDEHYDE GROUP

A

ALDOSES

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15
Q

a type of monosaccharides which has an KETONE GROUP

A

KETOSES

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16
Q

body’s MAJOR FUEL to provide energy; formed in the body through starch digestion

A

GLUCOSE

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17
Q

fruit sugar; sweetest of the simple sugar

A

FRUCTOSE

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18
Q

milk sugar; synthesized in the mammary glands to make lactose of milk

A

GALACTOSE

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19
Q

is formed when a DEHYDRATION REACTION joins TWO MONOSACCHARIDES

A

DISSACHARIDES

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20
Q

glucose
fructose
galactose

A

MONOSACCHARIDES

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21
Q

sucrose
lactose
maltose

A

DISACCHARIDES

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22
Q

this covalent bond (disaccharides) is called a _______ (joins a carbohydrate molecule to another condensation process)

A

GLYCOSIDIC LINKAGE

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23
Q

glucose and fructose (most commonly known as TABLE SUGAR)

A

SUCROSE

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24
Q

glucose and galactose (milk)

A

LACTOSE

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25
Q

glucose and glucose (malt and germinating cereals)

A

MALTOSE

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26
Q

a carbohydrate whose molecules upon HYDROLYSIS, yields TWO TO TEN MONOSACCHARIDE molecules

A

OLIGOSACCHARIDES

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27
Q

oligosaccharides are usually attached to ____ or ____

A

PROTEINS (glycoproteins) or LIPIDS (glycolipids)

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28
Q

are ABUNDANT IN CELL MEMBRANE and NEEDED IN CELL RECOGNITION AND COMMUNICATION

A

GLYCOPROTEINS AND GLYCOLIPIDS

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29
Q

HUNDRED OR MORE carbohydrates are joined together by glycosidic linkage
- for storage and structure

A

POLYSACCHARIDES

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30
Q

a stored form of sugars in plants

A

STARCH

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31
Q

a mixture of amylase and amylopectin

A

STARCH

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32
Q

most abundant biological molecule in nature

A

CELLULOSE

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33
Q

Cellulose in human food passes through the ______ as ______

A

digestive tract as insoluble fiber

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34
Q

some microbes use ___ to digest cellulose

A

enymes

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35
Q

some microbes use ___ to digest cellulose

A

enzymes

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36
Q

MAJOR SUBSTANCE OF EXOSKELETON of arthropods and mollusks

A

CHITIN

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37
Q

provides STRUCTURAL SUPPORT for the cell wall of many fungi

A

CHITIN

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38
Q

main storage form of carbohydrate in animals

A

GLYCOGEN

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39
Q

humans and other vertebrates store glycogen mainly in ______ and _____

A

LIVE AND MUSCLE CELLS

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40
Q

Building blocks of lipids

A

GLYCEROL AND FATTY ACIDS

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41
Q
  • are generally NONPOLAR, which means they are usually HYDROPHOBIC
  • used by cells to STORE ENERGY FOR LONG TERM USE
  • main components of cell membrane, hormones, and important biological structures like cuticle
A

LIPIDS

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42
Q

4 MAIN TYPES OF LIPIDS

A
  1. FATS and OILS
  2. PHOSPOLIPIDS
  3. WAXES
  4. STEROIDS
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43
Q

energy storage

A

FATS

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44
Q

fats and oils are also known as

A

TRIACYLGLYCEROL OR TRIGLYCERIDES

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45
Q

two main components of fats and oils

A

glycerol and three fatty acids

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46
Q

an organic compound with THREE CARBONS

A

GLYCEROL

47
Q

are LONG CHAINS OF HYDROCARBONS with an attached carboxyl group at one end of the chain

A

FATTY ACIDS

48
Q

types of fatty acids

A

SATURATED FATTY ACIDS
UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS

49
Q
  • have the MAXIMUM NUMBER OF HYDROGEN ATOMS possible and NO DOUBLE BONDS
  • solid at room temperature
  • mostly animal fats
  • fats made from this are called as saturated fats
A

SATURATED FATTY ACIDS

50
Q
  • have one or more double bonds
  • liquid at room temp
  • plant fats & fish fats
A

UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS

51
Q
  • contains a phosphate group
  • MJOR COMPONENT OF CELL MEMBRANES
  • consist of HYDROPHILIC HEAD AND HYDROPOBIC TAIL
  • essentially triglyceride
A

PHOSPOLIPIDS

52
Q

phospholipids consist of ___ head

A

HYDROPHILIC

53
Q

phospholipids consist of ___ tail

A

HYDROPHOBIC

54
Q
  • have a FUSED RING STRUCTURE
  • have FOUR linked carbon rings
  • hydrophobic; insoluble in water
  • reproduction, absorption, metabolism, brain activity
A

STEROIDS

55
Q
  • MOST COMMON STEROIDS
  • formed in LIVER, BRAIN TISSUES, BLOOD VESSELS
  • MAIN COMPONENTS OF BILE SALTS AND GALLSTONES
  • serves a PRECURSOR of testosterone, estrogen, cortisol, vitamin D, and aldosterone
A

CHOLESTEROLS

56
Q

where are cholesterols formed

A

LIVER
BRAIN TISSUES
BLOOD VESSELS

57
Q
  • simple lipids composed of a LONG CAHIN OF ALCHOHOL bonded to a fatty acid by an ESTER BOND
  • are primary components of cosmetics, food products, and medical supplies
A

WAXES

58
Q

Waxes are simple lipids composed of a long chain of alcohol bond to a fatty acids by an ______________

A

ESTER BOND

59
Q

are protective coatings of plants to prevent water loss

A

CUTICLES

60
Q

____ produce wax to store honey and eggs

A

BEES

61
Q

___ have wax that protects from infection

A

EARS

62
Q
  • MOST DIVERSE among biomolecules
  • do the MOST WORK for cell from degradation to homeostasis
  • are large, complex, nitrogenous biomolecules that are made up of amino acids
A

PROTEINS

63
Q

proteins are made up of ___________

A

AMINO ACIDS

64
Q
  • building block of protein
  • composed of an alpha carbon, an amino group, a carboxyl group and a side chain
A

AMINO ACID

65
Q

can be an atom or a group of atoms and aso called the R group

A

SIDE CHAIN

66
Q

how many amino acids are non essential

A

11

67
Q

how many amino acids are essential

A

9

68
Q

how many amino acids are there in all

A

20

69
Q

when two or more amino acids are combined, they form _________

A

PEPTIDE

70
Q

amino acids are joined together by covalent bonds called ______

A

PEPTIDE BONDS

71
Q

when more amino acids are added along the peptide chain, it is now called a __________

A

POLYPEPTIDE

72
Q

essential amino acids

A

Histidine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Lysine
Methionine

73
Q

Non-Essential

A

Alanine
Asparagine
Aspartate
Glutamate
Serine

74
Q

defined as at least a single polypeptide chain with a unique molecular structure and function, resulting from how the protein was configure

A

PROTEIN

75
Q
  • sequence of amino acids, which is determined by the DNA through the processes of transcription and translation
  • important as the higher levels of protein structures depend on it
A

PRIMARY STRUCTURE

76
Q
  • structure formed from the INTERACTIONS AMONG ADJACENT AMINO ACIDS
  • the coils and folds of ____________ result from hydrogen bonds between repeating constituents of the polypeptide backbone
A

SECONDARY STRUCTURE

77
Q

Typical secondary structure are a coil called an ______

A

ALPHA HELIX

78
Q

Typical secondary structures are a coil called

A

ALPHA HELIX

79
Q

Typical secondary structures are a folded structure called

A

BETA PLEATED SHEET

80
Q
  • three dimensional conformation
  • formed by interactions among the side chains of amino acids when several secondary structures come together
A

TERTIARY STRUCTURE

81
Q
  • TWO OR MORE POLYPEPTIDE CHAINS from one macromolecule
  • proteins with MULTIPLE SUBUNITS
A

QUATERNARY STRUCTURE

82
Q
  • CHEMICAL MESSENGERS IN THE BODY
  • regulate many body processes and functions
  • examples are insulin, glucagon, prolactin
A

HORMONES

83
Q

selective acceleration of chemical reactions

A

ENZYMES

84
Q

types of proteins

A

HORMONES
ENYMES
TRANSPORT PROTEINS
STRUCTURAL PROTEINS
DEFENSIVE PROTEINS
CONTRACTTILE PROTEIN
STORAGE PROTEIN

85
Q

transports substance

A

TRANSPORT PROTEINS

86
Q

protection against disease

A

DEFENSIVE PROTEINS

87
Q

are vital for movement

A

CONTRACTILE PROTEIN

88
Q

two notable examples of contractile protein

A

MYOSIN AND ACTIN

89
Q
  • the ONLY ONES that CAN STORE GENETIC INFORMATION among four types of biomolecules
  • serves as template for organism’s identity, structure, and function
A

NUCLEIC ACIDS

90
Q

who discovered NUCLEIC ACIDS

A

FRIEDRICK MIESCHER

91
Q

when did FRIEDRICH MIESCHER discovered the nucleic acid

A

1868

92
Q

two types of nucleic acids

A

RNA AND DNA

93
Q

3 main components of DNA and RNA

A

PENTOSE SUGAR
NITROGENOUS BASE
PHOSPHATE GROUP

94
Q

building block of nucleic acids

A

NUCLEOTIDES

95
Q
  • serves as the MAIN BACKBONE OF NUCLEIC ACIDS
  • has five carbons
A

PENTOSE SUGAR

96
Q

Two types of pentose sugar

A

RIBOSE AND DEOXYRIBOSE

97
Q
  • contains NITROGEN ATOMS
A

NITROGENOUS BASE

98
Q

types of nitrogenous base

A

PURINES
PYRIMIDINES

99
Q

nitrogenous bases that have two fused rings

A

PURINES

100
Q

nitrogenous bases that have one fused ring

A

PYRIMIDINES

101
Q

adenine and guanine are classified as

A

PYRIMIDINES

102
Q

cytosine, thymine, and uracil are

A

PURINES

103
Q

how many types of nitrogenous base are there in DNA. what are those

A

4; guanine, cytosine, adenine, thymine

104
Q

in RNA, thymine is replaced wtih

A

URACIL

105
Q

the nitrogenous base is connected to the pentose sugar via

A

GLYOSIDIC BOND

106
Q
  • has four oxygens attached to it
A

PHOSPHATE GROUP

107
Q

chains are typically found in a DOUBLE HELIX
a structure in which two matching (complementary) chains are stuck together

A

DNA - DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID

108
Q

what does DNA means

A

DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID

109
Q

in eukaryotes, such as plants and animals, DNA is found in the

A

NUCLEUS

110
Q

a specialized membrane bound vault in the cell, as well as in certain other types of organelles

A

NUCLEUS

111
Q

in prokaryotes, such as bacteria, the DNA is ________ in a membranous envelope, a although it’s located in a specialized cell region called the NUCLEOID

A

NOT ENCLOSED

112
Q

what does RNA means

A

RIBONUCLEIC ACID

113
Q
  • SINGLE STRANDED
  • contain ribose (the five carbon sugar)
A

RNA // RIBONUCLEIC ACID

GENERAL BIOLOGY (9 decks)

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