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microbiology > the cell part 2 eukaryotic cells > Flashcards

the cell part 2 eukaryotic cells Flashcards

1
Q

what are eukaryotic organisms

A

protozoans, algae, fungi, plants, animals

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2
Q

what are eukaryotic cells characterized by

A

the presence of membrane bound organelles in the cytoplasm

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3
Q

what does the cytoskeleton hold in place

A

mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes

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4
Q

what is the cytoskeleton

A

internal network that supports transport of intracellular components and helps maintain cell shape

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5
Q

how is the genome of eukaryotic cells packaging different from eukaryotic cells

A

it is in multiple rod shaped chromosomes instead of a single circular chromosome

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6
Q

describe the genome characteristics of bacteria

A

single chromosome
circular
haploid lacks histones

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7
Q

describe genome characteristics of archaea

A

single chromosome
circular
haploid
contains histones

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8
Q

describe the genome characteristics of eukaryotes

A

multiple chromosomes,
linear
haploid or diploid
contains histones

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9
Q

how does bacteria divide cells

A

binary fission

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10
Q

how does archaea divide cells

A

binary fission

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11
Q

how do eukaryotes divide cells

A

mitosis, meiosis

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12
Q

membrane lipid composition of bacteria

A

ester-linked
straight chain fatty acids
bilayer

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13
Q

membrane lipid composition of archaea

A

ether-linked
branched isoprenoids
bilayer or monolayer

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14
Q

membrane composition of eukaryotes

A

ester-linked
straight chain fatty acids
sterols
bilayer

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15
Q

cell wall composition of bacteria

A

peptidoglycan or none

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16
Q

cell wall composition of archaea

A

pseudopeptidoglycan or
glycopeptide or
polysaccharide or
protein
or none

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17
Q

cell wall composition of eukaryotes

A

Cellulose (plants, some algae)
Chitin (fungi)
silica (some algae)
most other lack cell walls

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18
Q

motility structure of bactera

A

rigid spiral flagella composed of flagellin

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19
Q

motility structure of archaea

A

rigid spiral flagella composed of archaean flagellins

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20
Q

motility structures of eukaryote cells

A

flexible flagella and cilia composed of microtubules

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21
Q

ribosomes in bacteria and archaea

A

70s

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22
Q

ribosomes in eukaryotes

A

80S in cytoplasm and rough ER
70S in mitochondria and chloroplasts

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23
Q

what influences shape a eukaryotic cells

A

primary function
organization of cytoskeleton
viscosity of cytoplasm
rigidity of cell membrane
physical pressure exerted on it

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24
Q

how is dna in a eukaryotic cell organized

A

condensed to fit in the nucleus and wrapped around histones

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25
Q

how are some protozoan nuclei different

A

they have to complete nuclei
one for reproduction and a larger one for cellular metabolism

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26
Q

what are heterokaryotic cells

A

cells in some fungi that are transiently formed with two nuclei

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27
Q

why are coenocytes

A

cells whose nuclei divide but the cytoplasm does not

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28
Q

what is the nucleus bound to

A

the nuclear membrane

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29
Q

what does the nuclear membrane consist of

A

two distinct lipid bilayers that are contiguous with each other

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30
Q

what does the nuclear membrane contain

A

nuclear pores that control the movement of materials into and out of the cell

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31
Q

describe nuclear pores

A

large, rosette-shaped protein complexes

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32
Q

what determines the shape of the nucleus

A

the nuclear lamina

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33
Q

what is the nuclear lamina

A

a meshwork of intermediate filaments found just inside the nuclear envelope membranes

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34
Q

what happens in interphase

A

the cell grows and DNA is replicated

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35
Q

what are the 3 phases of interphase

A

H1, S, G2

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36
Q

What happens in the mitotic phase

A

duplicated chromosomes are aligned, separated and move to opposite pole of the cell and divided

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37
Q

what is karyokinesis

A

the first portion of the mitotic phase

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38
Q

what are the phases of karyokinesis

A

prophase,
prometaphase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

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39
Q

what is cytokinesis

A

the sctond portion of the mitotic phase where physical separation happens

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40
Q

outcome of meiosis

A

4 haploid cells

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41
Q

outcome of mitosis

A

2 diploid cells

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42
Q

What is the nucleolus

A

area in the nucleus where rRNA biosynthesis occurs and where assembly of ribosomes begin

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43
Q

What are 80s romosomes composed of

A

40s subunit and a 60s subunit

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44
Q

which ribosomes are 80s

A

non organelle- associated ribosomes in eukaryotic cells

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45
Q

where are free ribosomes found

A

in the cytoplasm

45
Q
A
46
Q

what do free ribosomes do

A

synthesize water soluble proteins

47
Q

where are membrane bound ribosomes found

A

attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum

48
Q

what do membrane bound ribosomes do

A

make proteins for insertion into the cell membrane or proteins for export from the cell

49
Q

what is the endomembrane system

A

series of membrane tubules, sacs and flattened disks that synthesize cell components and move materials within the cell

50
Q

what organelle make up the endomembrane system

A

endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
lysosomes
vesicles

51
Q

what is the endoplasmic reticulum

A

interconnected array of tubules and cistern in a single lipid bilayer

52
Q

what are cisternae

A

flattened sacs

53
Q

water lumen

A

the spaces inside of the cisternae

54
Q

described the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

studied wit ribosomes bound on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane

55
Q

what do the ribosomes in RER make

A

proteins destined for the plasma membrane

56
Q

what are transport vesicles

A

small sacs of RER contain ing new proteins that bud off and move to Golgi apparatus or plasma membrane or out of cell or other membrane

57
Q

what are transport vesicles composed of

A

single lipid bilayer membranous spheres with hollow interiors

58
Q

why is smooth endoplasmic reticulum smooth

A

it does not contain ribosomes

59
Q

what does smooth endoplasmic reticulum do

A

biosynthesis of lipids, carb metabolism and detoxification of compounds in cell

60
Q

what is the Golgi apparatus composed of

A

a series of membranous disks called dictyosomes, each having a single lipid bilayer, that are stacked together

61
Q

what does the Golgi apparatus do

A

enzymes in it modify lipids from the ER, adding carbs to them, producing glycolipids, glycoproteins or proteoglycans

62
Q

what are glycolipids and glycoproteins used for

A

inserted into the plasma membrane for signal recognition by other cells or infectious particles or cell surface receptors

63
Q

What is exocytosis

A

the process where secretory vesicles release their contents to the cells interior

64
Q

what do lysosomes contain

A

digestive enzymes

65
Q

what do lysosomes do

A

break down food, damaged organelles or cellular debris, microorganisms or immune complexes

66
Q

what are peroxisomes

A

membrane bound organelles that are not part of of the endomembrane sustem

67
Q

what do peroxisomes do

A

produce hydrogen peroxide , degrade hydrogen peroxide and lipid biosynthesis

68
Q

what are glyoxysomes

A

modified peroxisomes of yeasts and plant cells

69
Q

what do glyoxysomes do

A

metabolic functions such as produce sugar molecules

70
Q

what are glycosomes

A

modified peroxisomes made by certain trypanosomes, the pathogenic protozoans

71
Q

What is the cytoskeleton composed of

A

microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules

72
Q

What are microfilaments composed of

A

two intertwined strands of actin composed of actin monomers forming filamentous cables

73
Q

what do actin filaments do

A

work with motor proteins like myosin to effect muscle contraction in animals or amoeboid movement of some eukaryotic microbes

74
Q

what are the forms of actin in ameboid organisms

A

a stiffer polymerized gel form and a fluid unpolymerized soluble form

75
Q

what does actin in the gel form do

A

creates stability in the ectoplasm

76
Q

what are pseudopodia

A

temporary extensions of the cytoplasmic membrane

77
Q

how are pseudopodia produced

A

through forward flow of soluble actin filaments into the pseudopodia followed by gel-sol cycling of actin filaments resulting in motility

78
Q

other than movement what do microfilaments do

A

cytoplasmic streaming
cleavage furrow formation
muscle movement

79
Q

what are intermediate filaments

A

cytoskeletal filaments that act as cables within the cell

80
Q

why are they called intermediate filaments

A

they are thicker than actin but thinner than microtubules

81
Q

what are intermediate filaments composed of

A

several strands of polymerized subunits that are made of monomers

82
Q

other functions of intermediate filaments

A

maintain position of the nucleus, form the nuclear lamina, anchor cells together in animal tissues

83
Q

What are microtubules composed of

A

tubular dimers

84
Q

what do microtubules do

A

form hollow tubes that are used as girders within the cytoskeleton,

85
Q

what does endosymbiotic theory state

A

mitochondria originally arose through and endosymbiotic event in which bacterium capable of aerobic cellular respiration was taken up by phagocytosis into a host and remains as a vital component.

86
Q

what are mitochondria composed of

A

two lipid membrane

87
Q

what does the outermembrane of mitochondria do

A

it is a remnant of the original hosts cell membrane structure

88
Q

what does the inner mitochondrial membrane come from

A

derived from the bacterial plasma bembrane

89
Q

what is the mitochondrial matrix

A

location of metabolic enzymes, contains mitochondrial dna and 70s ribosomes ,

90
Q

what cells contain chloroplasts

A

plant cells and algae

91
Q

what are chloroplasts

A

organelles in which photosynthesis occurs

92
Q

what are the membranes of chloroplasts

A

outer
inner
thylakoid

93
Q

where is the chloroplast stroma

A

between the inner and outer membrane

94
Q

what is the stroma

A

a gel-like fluid that makes up much of a chloroplasts volume and where the thylakoid system floats

95
Q

what is the thylakoid system

A

a dynamic collection of folded membrane sacks where chlorophyll is found and photosynthesis occurs

96
Q

what organelles are similar to mitochondria

A

hydrogenosomes
kinetoplasts

97
Q

what do hydrogenosomes do

A

serve as the location of anaerobic hydrogen production , lack their own dna and ribosomes

98
Q

what are kinetoplasts

A

a variation of mitochondria in some eukaryotic pathogens, there is a long branched mitochondrion where kinetoplast dna is found in one pole of the cell

99
Q

how is the plasma membrane in eukaryotic cells different than prokaryotes

A

it contains sterols such as cholesterol that alter membrane fluidity, contain some specialized lipids including sphingolipids

100
Q

what is endocytosis

A

uptake of matter through plasma membrane invagination and vacuole formation

101
Q

what happens in phagocytosis

A

particles or other cells are enclosed in a pocket within the membrane which pieces off from the membrane to form a vacuole that completey surrounds the particle

102
Q

what happens in pinocytosis

A

small dissolved materials and liquids are taken into the cell through small vesicles

103
Q

what is receptor mediated endocytosis

A

endocytosis that is initiated by specific molecules called ligands when they bind to cel surface receptors on the embrane (how hormones, viruses and bacteria enter cells)

104
Q

What is exocytosis

A

process where secretory vesicles release their contents to the cell exterior

105
Q

What does the extracellular matrix help with

A

helps maintain shape and structural stability of cells without a cell wall.

106
Q

how does the extra cellular matrix work

A

secretes a stick mass of carbs and proteins in between adjacent cells

107
Q

how is eukaryotic flagella different than prokaryptic

A

it is flexible like a whip and has nine parallel pairs of microtubules surrounding a central pair of microtubules

108
Q

what causes eukaryotic flagellum to bend

A

dynein motor proteins

109
Q
A

microbiology (11 decks)

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