Eukaryotes Flashcards
What does protist giardia cause
a diarrheal illness (giardiasis)
how is Giardiasis spread
contaminated water supplies
What does protist refer to
informally to a diverse group of microscopic eukaryotes
why isn’t protist a formal taxonomic term
the organisms do not have a shared evolutionary origin
what are algae
photosynthetic organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular
what are protozoa
non photosynthetic motile organisms that are always unicellular
what are plankton
microorganisms that drift or float in water, moved by currents
what are the type of plankton
zooplankton
phytoplankton
what is a difference between zooplankton and phytoplankton
phytoplankton are photosynthetic, zooplankton are motile and non photosynthetic
what are trophozoites
what do trophozoites feed on
small particulate food sources such as bacteria
when do trophozoite develop into an encapsulated cyst
when environmental conditions are too harsh for the trophozoit
what is a cyst
a cell with a protective wall
what is the process where a trophozoite become a cyst called
encystment
what is the process where cysts become active again
excystment
when does encystment occur
when conditions are favorable for trophozoites
what is a protozoan genus capable of encystment
eimeria
come back to eimeria life cycle
how does asexual reproduction in protozoans occur
binary fission, budding or schizogony
what is schizogony
when the nuclear of a cell divides multiple times before the cell divides into small cells
where are the products of schizogony called
merozoites
how are merozoites stored
in structures called schizonts
what type of gametes do sexual protozoans produce
haploid gametes that fuse through syngamy
is the conjugation process the same in protozoans as bacteria
no
what kind of gametes do protozoans produce
haploid
what does protist conjugation refer to
true form of eukaryotic sexual reproduction between two cells of different mating types
what is protist conjugation found in
ciliates
what is plasmalemma
plasma membrane in protozoans
what do some protozoan plasma membranes have
pellicle
what is a pellicle
bands of protein inside the membrane to add rigidity
what is ectoplasm
an outer gel layer of cytoplasm with microfilaments of actin in some protist
what is endoplasm
inner layer of cytoplasm, a sol region
what is a cytostome
a structure used for taking in food through phagocytosis
what is a cytoproct
a structure of exocytosis of waste
what are cytosines lined with
hair like cilia to sweep in food particles
are protozoans heterotrophic or autotrophic
heterotrophic
what does it mean to be holozoic
to inject whole food particles through phagozytosis
what does it mean to be saprozoic
to ingest small soluble food molecules
what do protist use for motility
flagella, cilia and pseudopodia (false feet)
what are pseudopodia
cytoplasmic extensions that attach the cell to a surface then allow cytoplasm to flow into the extension moving them `
what are contractile vacuoles
organelles that move water out of the cell for osmotic regulation
what are kinetoplastids and hydrogenosomes
modified mitochondria
what is a polyphyletic group
drop lacking a shared evolutionary origin
how is eukaryotic divided
into 6 super groups
What are the eukaryotic super groups
excavata
chromalveolata
rhizaria
archaeplastida
amoebozoa
opisthokonta
what is included in the amoebozoa group
protozoans that use amoeboid movement
What is E histolytica
an amoebozoa that causes dysentery
what is acanthamoeba
an amoebozoa that causes keratitis and blindness
what I s naegleria fowleri
brain eating amoeba
what are eumycetozoa
slime molds
what are the two types of slime molds
cellular slime molds and plasmodial slime molds
describe cellular slime molds
individual amoeboid cells that periodically aggregate into a mobile slug that then forms a fruity body that produces haploid sproes
describe plasmodial slime molds
large multinucleate amoeboid cells that form reproductive stalks to produce spores that divide into gametes
what makes dictyostelium discoideum special
it has both single-celled an multi celled life stages with cells showing some degree of differentiation the multi celled form
what are the steps of haploid asexual reproduction
what are the steps of reproduction of plasmodial slime molds
what is included in supergroup chromalveolata
apicomplexans
ciliates
diatoms
dinoflagellates
what are apicomplexans
intra or extracellular parasites that have an apical complex and one end of the cell
what is the apical complex
a concentration of organelles, vacuoles and microtubules that allow the parasite to enter host cells
describe cryptosporidium parvum
apicomplexan that causes intestinal symptoms and epidemic diarrhea when the cysts contaminate drinking water
describe theileria
apicomplexan that is transmitted by ticks causing recurring fever that can be deadly
describe toxoplasma gondii
apicomplexan that causes toxoplasmosis and can be transmitted from cat feces unwashed fruit and vegetables and undercooked meat
who should avoid toxoplasma gondii
pregnant people
what amount of poplin us have antibodies for toxoplasmosis
11%
what are ciliates
organisms within the chromalveolata that are characterized by the presence of cilia
what are cilia used for
locomotion and feeding
what makes balantidium coli special
it is the only parasitic ciliate that affects humans by causing intestinal illness but only serious in immune compromised
describe paramecium
a ciliate, motile organism with a clearlyvly visible cytostome and cytoproct
describe stentor
a ciliate that is sessile and uses cilia for feeding that has a micronucleus and macronucleus
describe the micronucleus of stentor
diploid, somatic and used for sexual reproduction by conjucation
describe micronucleus of stentor
derived from the micronucleus and becomes polyploid and has a reduced set of metabolic genes
what does polyploid mean
multiple sets of duplicate chromosomes
how do ciliates reproduce
conjucation
what happens to cells in ciliates during conjugation
each cell the diploid micronuclei undergo meiosis, producing eight haploid nuclei each. then all but one haploid micronuclei and the micronucleus disintegrate the remaining micronucleus undergo mitosis. the two cells exchange one micronucleus each which fuses with the remaining micronucleus to form a new genetically different diploid micronucleus come back to this shit it doesn’t make sense
Describe oomycetes
similar to fungi, called water molds
how are oomycetes different from fungi
they have cell walls made of cellulose and diploid
how is phytophthora classified
as a oomycetes
what does phytophthora cause
irish potato famine
what does excavate include
primitive eukaryotes and many parasites wit limited metabolic abilities
what do excavate have on the cell surface
a depression
what subgroups are included in excavata
fornicata
parabasalia
euglenozoa
characteristics of fornicata
What do they have
What do they lack
lacks mitochondria but has flagella
what is included in fornicata
giardia lamblia
what is giardiasis lamblia
a pathogen that causes diarrheal illness and is spread through cysts from feces that contaminate water
what are parabasalia
animal endosymbionts in the guts of termites and cockroaches
Describe parabasalia
they have basal bodies with modified mitochondria and large complex cell structure with undulating membrane and often have flagella
what is trichomonads a subgroup of
parabasalia
what is a pathogen that belongs to trichomonads
trichomonas vaginalis
describe the euglenozoa
common in the environment and include photosynthetic and non photosynthetic species, not typically pathogenic, have to flagella, a pellicle, a stigma and chloroplasts
what are trypanosomes
parasitic pathogens in the euglenozoa subgroup
what pathogens are trypanosomes
T. Bruce
t. cruzi
describe t bruce
causes African trypanosomiasis ( African sleeping sickness)
what happens in African sleeping sickness
t Brucei colonizes the blood and brain after bing transmitted by a fly
symptoms of African sleeping sickness
confusion, difficulty sleeping lack of coordination
African sleeping sickness fly stages
what disease is transmitted by triatoma spp
chagas via kissing bugs
how does chugs affect body
affects heart tissue or digestive system tissue leading to heart failure or digestive or neurological disorders
What are the two major groups of parasitic helminths
round worms (Nematoda)
flat worms (platyhelminthes)
describe Nematoda
unsegmented worms that have a full digestive system even when parasites,
how can some Nematoda be identified
in the feces and near the anus of infected individuals
what does monoecious mean
has both male and female reproductive organs
what does dioecious mean
having either male or female reproductive organs
what is ascaris lumbricoides
the largest nematode intestinal parasite found in humans
how long do ascaris lumbricoides get
1 meter
what does a. lumbricoides cause
cough and mild abdominal pain to severe intestinal blockage and impaired growth
What does enterobius vermicularis cause
pinworm a nematode
what does pinworm cause
sleeplessness and itching around the anus where eggs are laid at night
where are toxocara Canis found
in dogs and can be transmitted to humans as toxocariasis
where is t. cats found
in cats and can be transmitted to humans as toxocariasis
what does toxocariasis cause
larval migrant resulting in vision loss, eye inflammation, fever, fatigue, coughing, and abdominal pain depending on if in infects the eye or viscera
what does nectar Americans / ancylostoma duodenal cause
hookworm a nematode
what does hookworm cause
abdominal pain, diarrhea, loss of appetite, weight loss, fatigue, anemia
how is trichinosis contracted
consuming undercooked meat that releases the larvae and allows them to encyst I muscles
signs of trichinosis
fever, muscle pain, digestive problems, can lead to lack of coordination, breathing and heart problems and death
what does dirofilaria immitis cause
heart worm in dogs
how’s dirofilaria immitis transmitted
mosquitos
what is included in platyhelminthes
flukes and tapeworms
what are flukes (trematodes)
nofsegmented flatworms that have an oral sucker and attach to the inner walls of intestines, lungs, large blood vessels and liver
what are clonorchis and opisthorchis
liver flukes
what is fasciolopsis buski
intestinal fluke
what is paragonimus westermani
oriental lung fluke
where are schistosome mansoni, s. haematobium and s. japonicum found
freshwater snails
what do schistosome mansoni, s. haematobium and s. japonicum cause
schistosomiasis lungs, then to the liver, and other organs
what are tape worms
platyhelminths that are segmented flatworms that have suckers or hooks ash the scolex region
what is the scolex region
head region
what do tapeworms use their hooks and suckers for
to attach to the wall of the small intestine
what is the body of tapeworms made of
segments called proglottids that contain reproductive structures
what happens to the reproductive structures in tapeworms
they detach when gametes are fertilized releasing gravid proglottids with eggs,
what happens to tape worm eggs after they are released
an intermediate Ost consumes the eggs and they hatch into larval form called oncosphere
oncosphere migrates to a tissue or organ in intermediate forms and becomes cysticerci
once eaten by definitive host the cysticerci become adult tape worms in the digestive system
what is Taenia saginata
beef tapeworm
what is t. solium
pork tapeworm
how do tapeworms enter humans
undercooked meat
where are adult tapeworms found
intestine
where are larval tapeworms found
other places such as smooth muscle
when is the pork tapeworm more dangerous
when the larvae leave the intestine and enter other tissue such as CNS
what is diphylobothrium latum
the larger tapeworm that is in undercooked fish. it can grow to 15 meters
what is echinococcus granulosus
dog tapeworm that can infect humans and uses dogs as important hosts
life cycle of tape worm
- eggs in feces are passed to environment
- cattle and pics become infected by ingesting
- onconospheres hatch penetrate intestinal wall and circulate to musculature
- humans are infected by ingesting
- scolex attaches to intestine
- become adults in small intestine
life cycle of schistosoma spp.
what is mycoses
illnesses caused by fungi
what does it mean that fungi are opportunistic
they cause infections when the hosts immune system is down an not normally health people
what makes fungi important
they act as decomposers and are critical for food such as cheese,
major source of antibiotics such as penicillin
what are hyphae
filaments that make up molds
what is a mycelium
tangled network formed of hyphae that form the thallus
what is a thallus
body of fleshy fungi
what are septet hyphae
hyphae that have walls between the cells
what are coenocytic hyphae
hyphae that lack walls and cell membranes between the cells
what are pseudohypha
chains of yeast daughter cells
what does it mean to by a dimorphic fungi
they have more than one appearance in their life and can appear to be yeast or molds
what causes dimorphic fungi to change their appearance
response to environment such as nutrient availability, temperature
name 2 dimorphic yeasts
histoplasmosis capsulatum
Candida albicans
what does h. hapsulatum cause
lung disease histoplasmosis
what does c. albicans cause
vaginal yeast infections, oral thrush and candidiasis of the skin
what are the differences in fungal cell walls and membranes
cell walls contain chitin instead of cellulose
instead of cholesterol in their cell membrane they have different stools called ergosterols
what is the target of anti fungal drugs
ergosterols
how do fungus reproduce
sexually through cross or self fertilization or asexually
what do haploid fungi form
hyphae that have gametes at the tip
what is plasmogamy
when the cytoplasms of the + and - gametes fuse producing 2 dusting nuclei
what is a dikaryptic cell
fungi with 2 nuclei
what is karyogamy
when fungi nuclei fuse to create a diploid zygote
what do fungi form as a result of meiosis
spores that germinate to start the haploid stage
what are the different names for sexually produced fungal spores
zygospores
ascopspores
basidiospores
what is the life cycle of the zygomycete
- germination (mycelia form + and - have gametangia form between them
- plasmogamy -fusion between + and- resulting in zygosporangium with multiple haploid nuclei
- karyogamy- nuclei fuse to form a zygote with multiple diploid nuclei
- meiosis and germination- a sporangium grows on a short stalk and haploid spores form inside
what do ustilagomycetes and urediniomycetes include
plants as rusts and smuts
what are rusts and smuts
masses on plants rusts (red) smuts (dark)
what does glomeromycota include
mycorrhizal fungi
what makes mycorrhizal fungi important
they have a symbiotic relationship with plant roots and promote growth my acting like an extended root system
describe glomeromycota
obligate symbionts
how do plants help glomeromycota
glomeromycota receives carbs from the plant and the plant
describe chytridiomycetes
small fungi that are aquatic and have flagellated, motile gametes,
what are chytridiomycetes (chytrids) associated with
amphibian declines
describe zygomycota
saprophytes with coenocytic hyphae and haploid nuclei
how do zygomycota reproduce
asexually with zygospores that have hard walls formed from the fusion reproductive cells
what makes zygomycetes important
some are crop pathogens
what is rhizopus stolonifer
a zygomycetes that is an important bread mold that also causes rice seedling blight
what is mucor
a genus of fungi that can cause necrotizing infections but most species are intolerant of temperatures in the human body.
what do ascomycota include
fungi that are used as food and some that cause food spoilage and human pathogens
what do ascomycota have
septet hyphae and cup shaped fruiting bodies called ascocarps
sexually produced ascospores and asexual spores conidia
what makes aspergillus important
they are ascomycota fungi that cause allergy and infection and useful in research in the production of fermented alcoholic beverages
what is aspergillus flavus
an ascomycota fungi that is a contaminant of nuts and stored grains and produces aflatoxin
what is aflatoxin
a toxin and carcinogen
what is neurospora crass useful for
genetic research because the spores produced by meiosis are kept inside the ascus I a row that reflects cell division the produced them giving a direct view of segregation and assortment of genes
what are trichophyton, microsporum and epidrmopyton
ascomycetes fungi that are dermatophytes that are pathogenic and cause sin infections such as athletes foot jock itch and ringworm
What is blastomyces dermatitidis
a ascomycetes fungi that is dimorphic and can cause blastomycosis
what is blastomycosis
a respiratory infection that that can become disseminated to other body sites and lead to death
what is histoplasmosis capsulatum
a ascomycetes dimorphic fungus associated with birds and bats in Ohio and Mississippi River valleys
what does coccidioides immitis cause
Valley fever
what are saccharomyces yeasts
unicellular ascomycetes with haploid and diploid stages
what is s. cerevisiae
a saccharomyces yeast that includes bakers yeast
What is the ascomycete life cycle
- plasmogamy and mitosis- ascogonium and antheridium fuse, mitosis and cell division result in many dikaryptic hyphae that form a fruiting body called ascocarb
- karyogamy- nuclei in the sci fust to form a diploid zygote
- meiosis- an ascus with four haploid nuclei is formed
4.mitosis and cell division- 8 haploid ascospores are formed
- dispersal and germination
what are basidiomycota
fungi that have basidia that produce basidiosprores with fruiting bodies called basidiocarps
what are basidiospores
spores produced through budding
what do basidiomycota include
rusts
stinkhorns
puffballs
mushrooms
what is cryptococcus neoformans
a basidiomycota fungus found as yeast in the environment that can cause lung infections,
what is agricus campestris
a basidiomycete that is an edible meadow mushroom
what is amanita phalloides
a poisonous mushroom known as the death cap and whose deadly toxins are used to study transcription
basidiomycete life cycle
- germination- mycelia form (+ and -)
2 plasmogamy- fusion between = and - mating results in formation of a dikaryptic mycelium - mitosis- a basidiocarp forms
- karyogamy- basidia form diploid nuclei
- meiosis - four haploid nuclei are formed in the basidium
- cell division- four basidiospore are formed
- dispersal and germination
what are micosporidia
unicellular fungi that are obligate intracellular parasites
what do microsporidia lack
mitochondria
peroxisomes
centrioles
what do microsporidia spores release
polar tubule the pierces the host cell zebrine to allow the fungi to Gain entry into the cell
what are microsporidia infections called
microsporidiosis
what is enterocystozoan bieneusi
a pathogenic microsporidia that causes diarrhea, cholecystitis and respiratory illness
what are algae
autotrophic protist that can be unicellular or multicellular
what supergroups can algae be found in
chromalveolata
archaeplastida
what algae are in chromalveolata
dinoflagellates
diatoms
golden algae
brown algae
what algae are found in archaeplastida
red algae
green algae
what makes algae important
they are responsible for 70 percent of oxygen and organic matter I aquatic environment s
what is algae a source for
agar, agarose and carrageenan solidifying agents used in food production
when do harmful algal blooms occur
when algae grow quickly and produce dense population that produce high concentrations of toxins that impair liver and nervous system functions
what are pyrenoids
structures in chloroplasts
what do pyrenoids do
synthesize and store starch
how do chloroplasts in algae differ
in their number of membranes indicative of secondary or tertiary endosymbiotic events
what do the primary chloroplast I algae have
tow membranes, one from the ancestral cyanobacteria and one from the engulfing cell
what algae gets confused with plants
seaweed
what differences do green algae share with plants
they do not have true tissues or organs
they do not have a waxy cuticle to prevent desiccation
why aren’t euglenozoa considered algae
they feed and are motile
what supergroups are algae classified in
chromalveolata and archaeplastida
what brands of algae fall under chromalveolata
dinoflagellates and stramenopiles
what are dinoflagellates
marine organisms that are an important component of plankton
what are the nutritional types of dinoflagellates
can be heterotrophic, phototrophic or mixotrophic
what do dinoflagellates have
two flagella that make them whirl
some have cellulose plates or theca as armor
some produce neurotoxins causing paralysis
how does exposure to dinoflagellates happen
contact with water with dinoflagellate toxins or by feeding on organisms that have eaten it
what happens when Dinoflagellates become dense
a red tide
what is a red tide
a harmful algae bloom
what are gonyaulaz and alexandrium
major dinoflagellate toxin produces that cause paralytic shellfish poisoning
what is pfiesteria piscicida
a dinoflagellate that is known as fish killer and can cause memory loss and confusion in humans exposed to water containing it
what do stramenopiles include
golden algae and brown algae and the diatoms
what are the photosynthetic pigments in stramenopiles
chlorophyl and fucoxanthin
what is the storage carbohydrate of stramenopiles
chrysolaminarin
how do diatoms reproduce
sexually and asexually
what do male gametes of centric diatoms have
flagella that provide directed movement to seek female gametes for sexual reproduction
what are frustules
outer cell walls of crystalized silica in diatoms
what important function do diatoms have
their fossilized remains produce diatomaceous earth that is used for filtration and insulation
what are phaeophyta
brown algae that are multicellular marine seaweeds
describe brown algae
large with leaf-like blades, stalks and holdfasts
what are holdfasts
structures of brown algae that are used to attach to substrate
what do brown algae use as storage carbohydrate
laminarin
are holdfasts true leaves stems or roots
no
what is included in archaeplastids
green algae (chlorophyta)
red algae (rhodophyte)
more gren algae (charophyte) and land plants
what is the most similar algae to land plants
charaphyta
how are charaphyta similar to land plants
they share a mechanism of cell division
use chlorophyl a and chlorophyl b
cellulose cel walls and starch as a carb storage molecule
what is chlamydomonas
a green alga that has a single large chloroplast, two flagella and a stigma (eyespot)
what is chlorella
a nonmotile, large, unicellular alga
what is acetabularia
large unicellular green alga
what is volvox
a colonial, unicellular alga
what is ulva
a large multicellular green alga also known as sea lettuce because of large edible green blades
describe red alga
they can can be unicellular or multicellular and have rigid cell walls containing agar or carrageenan
what od lichens contribute to
soil production by breaking down rocks
early colonizers I soilless environment such as lava flows
they cyanobacteria I some can fix nitrogen
important soil stabilizers
food for caribou
produce compounds with antibacterial effects
what is a lichen
a combination of green alga or cyanobacterium and fungus living in a symbiotic relationship
what makes lichen special
unlike algae they can grown on any surface especially rocks or as epiphytes
what does it mean to be an epiphyte
can grow on other plants
what is the relationship between fungi and algae
mutualism or controlled parasitism
how do fungus benefit from algae
obtain photosynthates
how do algae benefit from fungus
allows them to grow in drier environment
why would fungi and algae be considered controlled parasitism
the photosynthetic organism grows less well than it would without the fungus
descibe the life cycle of lichens
slow growing and can live for centuries
what makes lichens useful
they are used I foods and to extract chemicals as dyes or antimicrobial substances. they are sensitive to pollution making the environmental indicator
what do lichens have
a body called a talus, a cortex and a medulla
what is a cortex
tightly packed fungal outerlayer
what is a medulla
loosely packed fungal inner layer
what are rhizines
hyphal bundles in lichens that attach to substrate
how are lichens classified
as fungal
what groups are lichens in
ascomycota and basidiomycota
what are the types major of lichens
crustose lichens
foliose lichens
fruticose lichens
describe crustose lichens
lichens tightly attached to the substrate with a crusty appearance
describe foliose lichens
lichens with a leaf-like lobe that may only be attached at one point in the growth form and have a second cortex below the medulla
describe fruticose lichens
have rounded structures and an overall branched appearance
which genus includes the causative agent for malaria
which protist is a concern because of its ability to contaminate water supplies and cause diarrheal illness
a fluke is classified I which group
A nonsegmented worm is found during a routine colonoscopy of an individual who reported having abdominal cramps, nausea, and vomiting. This worm is likely which of the following?
A segmented worm has male and female reproductive organs in each segment. Some use hooks to attach to the intestinal wall. Which type of worm is this?
Mushrooms are a type of which of the following?
what is the most common cause of human yeast infections
Which of the following is an ascomycete fungus associated with bat droppings that can cause a respiratory infection if inhaled?
Which of the following is an ascomycete fungus associated with bat droppings that can cause a respiratory infection if inhaled?
agar
Which is the term for the hard outer covering of some dinoflagellates?
You encounter a lichen with leafy structures. Which term describes this lichen?
Which of the following is the term for the outer layer of a lichen?
The fungus in a lichen is which of the following?
The plasma membrane of a protist is called the __________.
Animals belong to the same supergroup as the kingdom __________.
Animals belong to the same supergroup as the kingdom __________.
A species of worm in which there are distinct male and female individuals is described as _________.
Nonseptate hyphae are also called _________.
Unicellular fungi are called _________.
Some fungi have proven medically useful because they can be used to produce _________.
Structures in chloroplasts used to synthesize and store starch are called ________.
Algae with chloroplasts with three or four membranes are a result of ________ ________.
