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Microbiology > Eukaryotes > Flashcards

Eukaryotes Flashcards

1
Q

What does protist giardia cause

A

a diarrheal illness (giardiasis)

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2
Q

how is Giardiasis spread

A

contaminated water supplies

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3
Q

What does protist refer to

A

informally to a diverse group of microscopic eukaryotes

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4
Q

why isn’t protist a formal taxonomic term

A

the organisms do not have a shared evolutionary origin

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5
Q

what are algae

A

photosynthetic organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular

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6
Q

what are protozoa

A

non photosynthetic motile organisms that are always unicellular

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7
Q

what are plankton

A

microorganisms that drift or float in water, moved by currents

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8
Q

what are the type of plankton

A

zooplankton
phytoplankton

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9
Q

what is a difference between zooplankton and phytoplankton

A

phytoplankton are photosynthetic, zooplankton are motile and non photosynthetic

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10
Q

what are trophozoites

A
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11
Q

what do trophozoites feed on

A

small particulate food sources such as bacteria

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12
Q

when do trophozoite develop into an encapsulated cyst

A

when environmental conditions are too harsh for the trophozoit

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13
Q

what is a cyst

A

a cell with a protective wall

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14
Q

what is the process where a trophozoite become a cyst called

A

encystment

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15
Q

what is the process where cysts become active again

A

excystment

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16
Q

when does encystment occur

A

when conditions are favorable for trophozoites

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17
Q

what is a protozoan genus capable of encystment

A

eimeria

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18
Q

come back to eimeria life cycle

A
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19
Q

how does asexual reproduction in protozoans occur

A

binary fission, budding or schizogony

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20
Q

what is schizogony

A

when the nuclear of a cell divides multiple times before the cell divides into small cells

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21
Q

where are the products of schizogony called

A

merozoites

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22
Q

how are merozoites stored

A

in structures called schizonts

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23
Q

what type of gametes do sexual protozoans produce

A

haploid gametes that fuse through syngamy

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24
Q

is the conjugation process the same in protozoans as bacteria

A

no

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25
Q

what kind of gametes do protozoans produce

A

haploid

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26
Q

what does protist conjugation refer to

A

true form of eukaryotic sexual reproduction between two cells of different mating types

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27
Q

what is protist conjugation found in

A

ciliates

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28
Q

what is plasmalemma

A

plasma membrane in protozoans

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29
Q

what do some protozoan plasma membranes have

A

pellicle

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30
Q

what is a pellicle

A

bands of protein inside the membrane to add rigidity

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31
Q

what is ectoplasm

A

an outer gel layer of cytoplasm with microfilaments of actin in some protist

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32
Q

what is endoplasm

A

inner layer of cytoplasm, a sol region

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33
Q

what is a cytostome

A

a structure used for taking in food through phagocytosis

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34
Q

what is a cytoproct

A

a structure of exocytosis of waste

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35
Q

what are cytosines lined with

A

hair like cilia to sweep in food particles

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36
Q

are protozoans heterotrophic or autotrophic

A

heterotrophic

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37
Q

what does it mean to be holozoic

A

to inject whole food particles through phagozytosis

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38
Q

what does it mean to be saprozoic

A

to ingest small soluble food molecules

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39
Q

what do protist use for motility

A

flagella, cilia and pseudopodia (false feet)

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40
Q

what are pseudopodia

A

cytoplasmic extensions that attach the cell to a surface then allow cytoplasm to flow into the extension moving them `

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41
Q

what are contractile vacuoles

A

organelles that move water out of the cell for osmotic regulation

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42
Q

what are kinetoplastids and hydrogenosomes

A

modified mitochondria

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43
Q

what is a polyphyletic group

A

drop lacking a shared evolutionary origin

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44
Q

how is eukaryotic divided

A

into 6 super groups

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45
Q

What are the eukaryotic super groups

A

excavata
chromalveolata
rhizaria
archaeplastida
amoebozoa
opisthokonta

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46
Q

what is included in the amoebozoa group

A

protozoans that use amoeboid movement

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47
Q

What is E histolytica

A

an amoebozoa that causes dysentery

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48
Q

what is acanthamoeba

A

an amoebozoa that causes keratitis and blindness

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49
Q

what I s naegleria fowleri

A

brain eating amoeba

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50
Q

what are eumycetozoa

A

slime molds

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51
Q

what are the two types of slime molds

A

cellular slime molds and plasmodial slime molds

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52
Q

describe cellular slime molds

A

individual amoeboid cells that periodically aggregate into a mobile slug that then forms a fruity body that produces haploid sproes

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53
Q

describe plasmodial slime molds

A

large multinucleate amoeboid cells that form reproductive stalks to produce spores that divide into gametes

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54
Q

what makes dictyostelium discoideum special

A

it has both single-celled an multi celled life stages with cells showing some degree of differentiation the multi celled form

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55
Q

what are the steps of haploid asexual reproduction

A
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56
Q

what are the steps of reproduction of plasmodial slime molds

A
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57
Q

what is included in supergroup chromalveolata

A

apicomplexans
ciliates
diatoms
dinoflagellates

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58
Q

what are apicomplexans

A

intra or extracellular parasites that have an apical complex and one end of the cell

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59
Q

what is the apical complex

A

a concentration of organelles, vacuoles and microtubules that allow the parasite to enter host cells

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60
Q

describe cryptosporidium parvum

A

apicomplexan that causes intestinal symptoms and epidemic diarrhea when the cysts contaminate drinking water

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61
Q

describe theileria

A

apicomplexan that is transmitted by ticks causing recurring fever that can be deadly

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62
Q

describe toxoplasma gondii

A

apicomplexan that causes toxoplasmosis and can be transmitted from cat feces unwashed fruit and vegetables and undercooked meat

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63
Q

who should avoid toxoplasma gondii

A

pregnant people

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64
Q

what amount of poplin us have antibodies for toxoplasmosis

A

11%

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65
Q

what are ciliates

A

organisms within the chromalveolata that are characterized by the presence of cilia

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66
Q

what are cilia used for

A

locomotion and feeding

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67
Q

what makes balantidium coli special

A

it is the only parasitic ciliate that affects humans by causing intestinal illness but only serious in immune compromised

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68
Q

describe paramecium

A

a ciliate, motile organism with a clearlyvly visible cytostome and cytoproct

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69
Q

describe stentor

A

a ciliate that is sessile and uses cilia for feeding that has a micronucleus and macronucleus

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70
Q

describe the micronucleus of stentor

A

diploid, somatic and used for sexual reproduction by conjucation

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71
Q

describe micronucleus of stentor

A

derived from the micronucleus and becomes polyploid and has a reduced set of metabolic genes

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72
Q

what does polyploid mean

A

multiple sets of duplicate chromosomes

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73
Q

how do ciliates reproduce

A

conjucation

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74
Q

what happens to cells in ciliates during conjugation

A

each cell the diploid micronuclei undergo meiosis, producing eight haploid nuclei each. then all but one haploid micronuclei and the micronucleus disintegrate the remaining micronucleus undergo mitosis. the two cells exchange one micronucleus each which fuses with the remaining micronucleus to form a new genetically different diploid micronucleus come back to this shit it doesn’t make sense

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75
Q

Describe oomycetes

A

similar to fungi, called water molds

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76
Q

how are oomycetes different from fungi

A

they have cell walls made of cellulose and diploid

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77
Q

how is phytophthora classified

A

as a oomycetes

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78
Q

what does phytophthora cause

A

irish potato famine

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79
Q

what does excavate include

A

primitive eukaryotes and many parasites wit limited metabolic abilities

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80
Q

what do excavate have on the cell surface

A

a depression

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81
Q

what subgroups are included in excavata

A

fornicata
parabasalia
euglenozoa

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82
Q

characteristics of fornicata

What do they have
What do they lack

A

lacks mitochondria but has flagella

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83
Q

what is included in fornicata

A

giardia lamblia

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84
Q

what is giardiasis lamblia

A

a pathogen that causes diarrheal illness and is spread through cysts from feces that contaminate water

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85
Q

what are parabasalia

A

animal endosymbionts in the guts of termites and cockroaches

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86
Q

Describe parabasalia

A

they have basal bodies with modified mitochondria and large complex cell structure with undulating membrane and often have flagella

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87
Q

what is trichomonads a subgroup of

A

parabasalia

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88
Q

what is a pathogen that belongs to trichomonads

A

trichomonas vaginalis

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89
Q

describe the euglenozoa

A

common in the environment and include photosynthetic and non photosynthetic species, not typically pathogenic, have to flagella, a pellicle, a stigma and chloroplasts

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90
Q

what are trypanosomes

A

parasitic pathogens in the euglenozoa subgroup

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91
Q

what pathogens are trypanosomes

A

T. Bruce
t. cruzi

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92
Q

describe t bruce

A

causes African trypanosomiasis ( African sleeping sickness)

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93
Q

what happens in African sleeping sickness

A

t Brucei colonizes the blood and brain after bing transmitted by a fly

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94
Q

symptoms of African sleeping sickness

A

confusion, difficulty sleeping lack of coordination

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95
Q

African sleeping sickness fly stages

A
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96
Q

what disease is transmitted by triatoma spp

A

chagas via kissing bugs

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97
Q

how does chugs affect body

A

affects heart tissue or digestive system tissue leading to heart failure or digestive or neurological disorders

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98
Q

What are the two major groups of parasitic helminths

A

round worms (Nematoda)
flat worms (platyhelminthes)

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99
Q

describe Nematoda

A

unsegmented worms that have a full digestive system even when parasites,

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100
Q

how can some Nematoda be identified

A

in the feces and near the anus of infected individuals

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101
Q

what does monoecious mean

A

has both male and female reproductive organs

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102
Q

what does dioecious mean

A

having either male or female reproductive organs

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103
Q

what is ascaris lumbricoides

A

the largest nematode intestinal parasite found in humans

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104
Q

how long do ascaris lumbricoides get

A

1 meter

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105
Q

what does a. lumbricoides cause

A

cough and mild abdominal pain to severe intestinal blockage and impaired growth

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106
Q

What does enterobius vermicularis cause

A

pinworm a nematode

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107
Q

what does pinworm cause

A

sleeplessness and itching around the anus where eggs are laid at night

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108
Q

where are toxocara Canis found

A

in dogs and can be transmitted to humans as toxocariasis

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109
Q

where is t. cats found

A

in cats and can be transmitted to humans as toxocariasis

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110
Q

what does toxocariasis cause

A

larval migrant resulting in vision loss, eye inflammation, fever, fatigue, coughing, and abdominal pain depending on if in infects the eye or viscera

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111
Q

what does nectar Americans / ancylostoma duodenal cause

A

hookworm a nematode

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112
Q

what does hookworm cause

A

abdominal pain, diarrhea, loss of appetite, weight loss, fatigue, anemia

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113
Q

how is trichinosis contracted

A

consuming undercooked meat that releases the larvae and allows them to encyst I muscles

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114
Q

signs of trichinosis

A

fever, muscle pain, digestive problems, can lead to lack of coordination, breathing and heart problems and death

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115
Q

what does dirofilaria immitis cause

A

heart worm in dogs

116
Q

how’s dirofilaria immitis transmitted

A

mosquitos

117
Q

what is included in platyhelminthes

A

flukes and tapeworms

118
Q

what are flukes (trematodes)

A

nofsegmented flatworms that have an oral sucker and attach to the inner walls of intestines, lungs, large blood vessels and liver

119
Q

what are clonorchis and opisthorchis

A

liver flukes

120
Q

what is fasciolopsis buski

A

intestinal fluke

121
Q

what is paragonimus westermani

A

oriental lung fluke

122
Q

where are schistosome mansoni, s. haematobium and s. japonicum found

A

freshwater snails

123
Q

what do schistosome mansoni, s. haematobium and s. japonicum cause

A

schistosomiasis lungs, then to the liver, and other organs

124
Q

what are tape worms

A

platyhelminths that are segmented flatworms that have suckers or hooks ash the scolex region

125
Q

what is the scolex region

A

head region

126
Q

what do tapeworms use their hooks and suckers for

A

to attach to the wall of the small intestine

127
Q

what is the body of tapeworms made of

A

segments called proglottids that contain reproductive structures

128
Q

what happens to the reproductive structures in tapeworms

A

they detach when gametes are fertilized releasing gravid proglottids with eggs,

129
Q

what happens to tape worm eggs after they are released

A

an intermediate Ost consumes the eggs and they hatch into larval form called oncosphere

oncosphere migrates to a tissue or organ in intermediate forms and becomes cysticerci

once eaten by definitive host the cysticerci become adult tape worms in the digestive system

130
Q

what is Taenia saginata

A

beef tapeworm

131
Q

what is t. solium

A

pork tapeworm

132
Q

how do tapeworms enter humans

A

undercooked meat

133
Q

where are adult tapeworms found

A

intestine

134
Q

where are larval tapeworms found

A

other places such as smooth muscle

135
Q

when is the pork tapeworm more dangerous

A

when the larvae leave the intestine and enter other tissue such as CNS

136
Q

what is diphylobothrium latum

A

the larger tapeworm that is in undercooked fish. it can grow to 15 meters

137
Q

what is echinococcus granulosus

A

dog tapeworm that can infect humans and uses dogs as important hosts

138
Q

life cycle of tape worm

A
  1. eggs in feces are passed to environment
  2. cattle and pics become infected by ingesting
  3. onconospheres hatch penetrate intestinal wall and circulate to musculature
  4. humans are infected by ingesting
  5. scolex attaches to intestine
  6. become adults in small intestine
139
Q

life cycle of schistosoma spp.

A
140
Q

what is mycoses

A

illnesses caused by fungi

141
Q

what does it mean that fungi are opportunistic

A

they cause infections when the hosts immune system is down an not normally health people

142
Q

what makes fungi important

A

they act as decomposers and are critical for food such as cheese,

major source of antibiotics such as penicillin

143
Q

what are hyphae

A

filaments that make up molds

144
Q

what is a mycelium

A

tangled network formed of hyphae that form the thallus

145
Q

what is a thallus

A

body of fleshy fungi

146
Q

what are septet hyphae

A

hyphae that have walls between the cells

147
Q

what are coenocytic hyphae

A

hyphae that lack walls and cell membranes between the cells

148
Q

what are pseudohypha

A

chains of yeast daughter cells

149
Q

what does it mean to by a dimorphic fungi

A

they have more than one appearance in their life and can appear to be yeast or molds

150
Q

what causes dimorphic fungi to change their appearance

A

response to environment such as nutrient availability, temperature

151
Q

name 2 dimorphic yeasts

A

histoplasmosis capsulatum
Candida albicans

152
Q

what does h. hapsulatum cause

A

lung disease histoplasmosis

153
Q

what does c. albicans cause

A

vaginal yeast infections, oral thrush and candidiasis of the skin

154
Q

what are the differences in fungal cell walls and membranes

A

cell walls contain chitin instead of cellulose

instead of cholesterol in their cell membrane they have different stools called ergosterols

155
Q

what is the target of anti fungal drugs

A

ergosterols

156
Q

how do fungus reproduce

A

sexually through cross or self fertilization or asexually

157
Q

what do haploid fungi form

A

hyphae that have gametes at the tip

158
Q

what is plasmogamy

A

when the cytoplasms of the + and - gametes fuse producing 2 dusting nuclei

159
Q

what is a dikaryptic cell

A

fungi with 2 nuclei

160
Q

what is karyogamy

A

when fungi nuclei fuse to create a diploid zygote

161
Q

what do fungi form as a result of meiosis

A

spores that germinate to start the haploid stage

162
Q

what are the different names for sexually produced fungal spores

A

zygospores
ascopspores
basidiospores

163
Q

what is the life cycle of the zygomycete

A
  1. germination (mycelia form + and - have gametangia form between them
  2. plasmogamy -fusion between + and- resulting in zygosporangium with multiple haploid nuclei
  3. karyogamy- nuclei fuse to form a zygote with multiple diploid nuclei
  4. meiosis and germination- a sporangium grows on a short stalk and haploid spores form inside
164
Q

what do ustilagomycetes and urediniomycetes include

A

plants as rusts and smuts

165
Q

what are rusts and smuts

A

masses on plants rusts (red) smuts (dark)

166
Q

what does glomeromycota include

A

mycorrhizal fungi

167
Q

what makes mycorrhizal fungi important

A

they have a symbiotic relationship with plant roots and promote growth my acting like an extended root system

168
Q

describe glomeromycota

A

obligate symbionts

169
Q

how do plants help glomeromycota

A

glomeromycota receives carbs from the plant and the plant

170
Q

describe chytridiomycetes

A

small fungi that are aquatic and have flagellated, motile gametes,

171
Q

what are chytridiomycetes (chytrids) associated with

A

amphibian declines

172
Q

describe zygomycota

A

saprophytes with coenocytic hyphae and haploid nuclei

173
Q

how do zygomycota reproduce

A

asexually with zygospores that have hard walls formed from the fusion reproductive cells

174
Q

what makes zygomycetes important

A

some are crop pathogens

175
Q

what is rhizopus stolonifer

A

a zygomycetes that is an important bread mold that also causes rice seedling blight

176
Q

what is mucor

A

a genus of fungi that can cause necrotizing infections but most species are intolerant of temperatures in the human body.

177
Q

what do ascomycota include

A

fungi that are used as food and some that cause food spoilage and human pathogens

178
Q

what do ascomycota have

A

septet hyphae and cup shaped fruiting bodies called ascocarps

sexually produced ascospores and asexual spores conidia

179
Q

what makes aspergillus important

A

they are ascomycota fungi that cause allergy and infection and useful in research in the production of fermented alcoholic beverages

180
Q

what is aspergillus flavus

A

an ascomycota fungi that is a contaminant of nuts and stored grains and produces aflatoxin

181
Q

what is aflatoxin

A

a toxin and carcinogen

182
Q

what is neurospora crass useful for

A

genetic research because the spores produced by meiosis are kept inside the ascus I a row that reflects cell division the produced them giving a direct view of segregation and assortment of genes

183
Q

what are trichophyton, microsporum and epidrmopyton

A

ascomycetes fungi that are dermatophytes that are pathogenic and cause sin infections such as athletes foot jock itch and ringworm

184
Q

What is blastomyces dermatitidis

A

a ascomycetes fungi that is dimorphic and can cause blastomycosis

185
Q

what is blastomycosis

A

a respiratory infection that that can become disseminated to other body sites and lead to death

186
Q

what is histoplasmosis capsulatum

A

a ascomycetes dimorphic fungus associated with birds and bats in Ohio and Mississippi River valleys

187
Q

what does coccidioides immitis cause

A

Valley fever

188
Q

what are saccharomyces yeasts

A

unicellular ascomycetes with haploid and diploid stages

189
Q

what is s. cerevisiae

A

a saccharomyces yeast that includes bakers yeast

190
Q

What is the ascomycete life cycle

A
  1. plasmogamy and mitosis- ascogonium and antheridium fuse, mitosis and cell division result in many dikaryptic hyphae that form a fruiting body called ascocarb
  2. karyogamy- nuclei in the sci fust to form a diploid zygote
  3. meiosis- an ascus with four haploid nuclei is formed

4.mitosis and cell division- 8 haploid ascospores are formed

  1. dispersal and germination
191
Q

what are basidiomycota

A

fungi that have basidia that produce basidiosprores with fruiting bodies called basidiocarps

192
Q

what are basidiospores

A

spores produced through budding

193
Q

what do basidiomycota include

A

rusts
stinkhorns
puffballs
mushrooms

194
Q

what is cryptococcus neoformans

A

a basidiomycota fungus found as yeast in the environment that can cause lung infections,

195
Q

what is agricus campestris

A

a basidiomycete that is an edible meadow mushroom

196
Q

what is amanita phalloides

A

a poisonous mushroom known as the death cap and whose deadly toxins are used to study transcription

197
Q

basidiomycete life cycle

A
  1. germination- mycelia form (+ and -)
    2 plasmogamy- fusion between = and - mating results in formation of a dikaryptic mycelium
  2. mitosis- a basidiocarp forms
  3. karyogamy- basidia form diploid nuclei
  4. meiosis - four haploid nuclei are formed in the basidium
  5. cell division- four basidiospore are formed
  6. dispersal and germination
198
Q

what are micosporidia

A

unicellular fungi that are obligate intracellular parasites

199
Q

what do microsporidia lack

A

mitochondria
peroxisomes
centrioles

200
Q

what do microsporidia spores release

A

polar tubule the pierces the host cell zebrine to allow the fungi to Gain entry into the cell

201
Q

what are microsporidia infections called

A

microsporidiosis

202
Q

what is enterocystozoan bieneusi

A

a pathogenic microsporidia that causes diarrhea, cholecystitis and respiratory illness

203
Q

what are algae

A

autotrophic protist that can be unicellular or multicellular

204
Q

what supergroups can algae be found in

A

chromalveolata
archaeplastida

205
Q

what algae are in chromalveolata

A

dinoflagellates
diatoms
golden algae
brown algae

206
Q

what algae are found in archaeplastida

A

red algae
green algae

207
Q

what makes algae important

A

they are responsible for 70 percent of oxygen and organic matter I aquatic environment s

208
Q

what is algae a source for

A

agar, agarose and carrageenan solidifying agents used in food production

209
Q

when do harmful algal blooms occur

A

when algae grow quickly and produce dense population that produce high concentrations of toxins that impair liver and nervous system functions

210
Q

what are pyrenoids

A

structures in chloroplasts

211
Q

what do pyrenoids do

A

synthesize and store starch

212
Q

how do chloroplasts in algae differ

A

in their number of membranes indicative of secondary or tertiary endosymbiotic events

213
Q

what do the primary chloroplast I algae have

A

tow membranes, one from the ancestral cyanobacteria and one from the engulfing cell

214
Q

what algae gets confused with plants

A

seaweed

215
Q

what differences do green algae share with plants

A

they do not have true tissues or organs
they do not have a waxy cuticle to prevent desiccation

216
Q

why aren’t euglenozoa considered algae

A

they feed and are motile

217
Q

what supergroups are algae classified in

A

chromalveolata and archaeplastida

218
Q

what brands of algae fall under chromalveolata

A

dinoflagellates and stramenopiles

219
Q

what are dinoflagellates

A

marine organisms that are an important component of plankton

220
Q

what are the nutritional types of dinoflagellates

A

can be heterotrophic, phototrophic or mixotrophic

221
Q

what do dinoflagellates have

A

two flagella that make them whirl
some have cellulose plates or theca as armor
some produce neurotoxins causing paralysis

222
Q

how does exposure to dinoflagellates happen

A

contact with water with dinoflagellate toxins or by feeding on organisms that have eaten it

223
Q

what happens when Dinoflagellates become dense

A

a red tide

224
Q

what is a red tide

A

a harmful algae bloom

225
Q

what are gonyaulaz and alexandrium

A

major dinoflagellate toxin produces that cause paralytic shellfish poisoning

226
Q

what is pfiesteria piscicida

A

a dinoflagellate that is known as fish killer and can cause memory loss and confusion in humans exposed to water containing it

227
Q

what do stramenopiles include

A

golden algae and brown algae and the diatoms

228
Q

what are the photosynthetic pigments in stramenopiles

A

chlorophyl and fucoxanthin

229
Q

what is the storage carbohydrate of stramenopiles

A

chrysolaminarin

230
Q

how do diatoms reproduce

A

sexually and asexually

231
Q

what do male gametes of centric diatoms have

A

flagella that provide directed movement to seek female gametes for sexual reproduction

232
Q

what are frustules

A

outer cell walls of crystalized silica in diatoms

233
Q

what important function do diatoms have

A

their fossilized remains produce diatomaceous earth that is used for filtration and insulation

234
Q

what are phaeophyta

A

brown algae that are multicellular marine seaweeds

235
Q

describe brown algae

A

large with leaf-like blades, stalks and holdfasts

236
Q

what are holdfasts

A

structures of brown algae that are used to attach to substrate

237
Q

what do brown algae use as storage carbohydrate

A

laminarin

238
Q

are holdfasts true leaves stems or roots

A

no

239
Q

what is included in archaeplastids

A

green algae (chlorophyta)
red algae (rhodophyte)
more gren algae (charophyte) and land plants

240
Q

what is the most similar algae to land plants

A

charaphyta

241
Q

how are charaphyta similar to land plants

A

they share a mechanism of cell division
use chlorophyl a and chlorophyl b
cellulose cel walls and starch as a carb storage molecule

242
Q

what is chlamydomonas

A

a green alga that has a single large chloroplast, two flagella and a stigma (eyespot)

243
Q

what is chlorella

A

a nonmotile, large, unicellular alga

244
Q

what is acetabularia

A

large unicellular green alga

245
Q

what is volvox

A

a colonial, unicellular alga

246
Q

what is ulva

A

a large multicellular green alga also known as sea lettuce because of large edible green blades

247
Q

describe red alga

A

they can can be unicellular or multicellular and have rigid cell walls containing agar or carrageenan

248
Q

what od lichens contribute to

A

soil production by breaking down rocks
early colonizers I soilless environment such as lava flows
they cyanobacteria I some can fix nitrogen
important soil stabilizers
food for caribou
produce compounds with antibacterial effects

249
Q

what is a lichen

A

a combination of green alga or cyanobacterium and fungus living in a symbiotic relationship

250
Q

what makes lichen special

A

unlike algae they can grown on any surface especially rocks or as epiphytes

251
Q

what does it mean to be an epiphyte

A

can grow on other plants

252
Q

what is the relationship between fungi and algae

A

mutualism or controlled parasitism

253
Q

how do fungus benefit from algae

A

obtain photosynthates

254
Q

how do algae benefit from fungus

A

allows them to grow in drier environment

255
Q

why would fungi and algae be considered controlled parasitism

A

the photosynthetic organism grows less well than it would without the fungus

256
Q

descibe the life cycle of lichens

A

slow growing and can live for centuries

257
Q

what makes lichens useful

A

they are used I foods and to extract chemicals as dyes or antimicrobial substances. they are sensitive to pollution making the environmental indicator

258
Q

what do lichens have

A

a body called a talus, a cortex and a medulla

259
Q

what is a cortex

A

tightly packed fungal outerlayer

260
Q

what is a medulla

A

loosely packed fungal inner layer

261
Q

what are rhizines

A

hyphal bundles in lichens that attach to substrate

262
Q

how are lichens classified

A

as fungal

263
Q

what groups are lichens in

A

ascomycota and basidiomycota

264
Q

what are the types major of lichens

A

crustose lichens
foliose lichens
fruticose lichens

265
Q

describe crustose lichens

A

lichens tightly attached to the substrate with a crusty appearance

266
Q

describe foliose lichens

A

lichens with a leaf-like lobe that may only be attached at one point in the growth form and have a second cortex below the medulla

267
Q

describe fruticose lichens

A

have rounded structures and an overall branched appearance

268
Q

which genus includes the causative agent for malaria

A
269
Q

which protist is a concern because of its ability to contaminate water supplies and cause diarrheal illness

A
270
Q

a fluke is classified I which group

A
271
Q

A nonsegmented worm is found during a routine colonoscopy of an individual who reported having abdominal cramps, nausea, and vomiting. This worm is likely which of the following?

A

A segmented worm has male and female reproductive organs in each segment. Some use hooks to attach to the intestinal wall. Which type of worm is this?

272
Q

Mushrooms are a type of which of the following?

A
273
Q

what is the most common cause of human yeast infections

A
274
Q

Which of the following is an ascomycete fungus associated with bat droppings that can cause a respiratory infection if inhaled?

A
275
Q

Which of the following is an ascomycete fungus associated with bat droppings that can cause a respiratory infection if inhaled?

A

agar

276
Q

Which is the term for the hard outer covering of some dinoflagellates?

A

You encounter a lichen with leafy structures. Which term describes this lichen?

277
Q

Which of the following is the term for the outer layer of a lichen?

A
278
Q

The fungus in a lichen is which of the following?

A
279
Q

The plasma membrane of a protist is called the __________.

A
280
Q

Animals belong to the same supergroup as the kingdom __________.

A
281
Q

Animals belong to the same supergroup as the kingdom __________.

A
282
Q

A species of worm in which there are distinct male and female individuals is described as _________.

A
283
Q

Nonseptate hyphae are also called _________.

A
284
Q

Unicellular fungi are called _________.

A
285
Q

Some fungi have proven medically useful because they can be used to produce _________.

A
286
Q

Structures in chloroplasts used to synthesize and store starch are called ________.

A

Algae with chloroplasts with three or four membranes are a result of ________ ________.

Microbiology (11 decks)

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