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The cell Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is spontaneous generation

A

the idea that life arose from non-living matter

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2
Q

who propose spontaneous generation

A

aristotle

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3
Q

who was the first to refute spontaneous generation

A

Francesco redi

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4
Q

what did red predict

A

that preventing flys from having contact with meat would prevent maggots

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5
Q

Who official disproved spontaneous generation

A

Louis pasteur

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6
Q

how was Pasteurs experiments different from others

A

the swan necks allowed outside air in but would trap any microorganisms

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7
Q

what are the tenants of modern cell theory

A

all cells only come from other cells
cells are the fundamental units of organisms

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8
Q

who was the first to observe nuclei

A

Robert brown

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9
Q

who was the first to describe chloroplasts and their role in starch formation

A

Andreas Schimper

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10
Q

what did kontantin mereschkowski suggest

A

chloroplasts may have originated from ancestral photosynthetic bacteria living symbiotically inside a eukaryotic cell, a similar hypothesis for the nucleus

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11
Q

what is endosymbiotic theory

A

the theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts arose as a result of prokaryotic cells establishing a symbiotic relationship within a eukaryotic host

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12
Q

what is the first event of endosymbiotic theory

A

ancestral eukaryote consumed aerobic bacteria that evolved into mitochondria

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13
Q

what is the second

A

early eukaryote consumed photosynthetic bacteria that evolved into chloroplasts

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14
Q

What is the miasma theory proposed by the greeks

A

disease originated from particles emanating from decomposing matter such as that in sewage or cesspits

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15
Q

what is germ theory of disease

A

diseases may result from microbial infection

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16
Q

who noticed mothers who gave birth to doctors and medical students had a higher death rate

A

Ignaz semmelweis

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17
Q

What did John snow track

A

cholera outbreaks in London to two specific water sources contaminated by sewage. the first epidemiological study

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18
Q

who instead on hand washing and clean areas for surgery

A

Joseph lister

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19
Q

what are Koch’s postulates based on

A

the idea that the cause of a specific disease could be attributed to a specific microbe “one microbe, one disease”

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20
Q

what does cell theory state

A

the cell is the fundamental unit of life

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21
Q

what is cytoplasm

A

a gel-like substance composed of water and dissolved chemicals needed for growth

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22
Q

where is cytoplasm found

A

within the plasma membrane (cell membrane)

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23
Q

what structures are in all cells

A

cytoplasm
one or more chromosomes
ribosomes
Cytosol

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24
Q

what are ribosomes

A

organelles used for the production of proteins

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25
Q

what characteristics of prokaryotic cells

A

they lack a nucleus and generally have a single circular chromosome in a nucleoid

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26
Q

what defines eukaryotic cells

A

have a nucleus surrounded by a complex nuclear membrane with multiple rod shaped chromosomes with membrane bound organelles

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27
Q

what is coccus

A

round prokaryotic cell

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28
Q

what is bacillus

A

rod shaped prokaryote

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29
Q

what is vibrio

A

curved rod

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30
Q

what is coccobacillus

A

short rod

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31
Q

what is spirillum

A

spiral

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32
Q

what is spirochete

A

long, loose, helical spiral

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33
Q

coccus arrangment

A

single coccus

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34
Q

diplococcus arrangement

A

pair of two cocci

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35
Q

what is a tetrad

A

grouping of four cells in a square

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36
Q

what is streptococcus

A

chain of cocci

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37
Q

what is staphylococcus

A

cluster of cocci

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38
Q

what is bacillus

A

single rod

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39
Q

what is diplobacillus

A

pair of rods

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40
Q

what is streptobacillus

A

chain of rods

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41
Q

what is palisade

A

v or l shaped formation of rods

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42
Q

what maintains morphology of prokaryotic cells

A

cell wall with cytoskeletal elements

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43
Q

what does the cell wall do

A

envelopes the cell membrane and protects from osmotic pressure changes

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44
Q

what causes osmotic pressure

A

differences in the concentration of solutes on opposing sides of a semipermeable membrane

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45
Q

what causes osmotic pressure

A

differences in the concentration of solutes on opposing sides of a semipermeable membrane

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46
Q

when does water pass a semipermeable membrane

A

when concentration of solutes is greater on one side of the membrane

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47
Q

what direction does water flow across the membrane

A

from the side with a lower concentration to a side with higher concentration of solutes until both sides are equal

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48
Q

what is an isotonic medium

A

when the solute concentrations inside and outside are equal

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49
Q

what is a hypertonic medium

A

when the solute concentration outside exceeds that inside the cell so water leaves the cell

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50
Q

what is a hypotonic medium

A

when the solutes on the inside of the cell are higher, so water goes in the cell.

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51
Q

what is tonicity

A

the degree to which a particular cell is able to withstand changes in osmotic pressure

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52
Q

what cells are better able to withstand changes in osmotic pressure

A

those with a cell wall

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53
Q

what happens to cells in a hypertonic environment without a cell wall

A

cells without a cell wall can become dehydrated causing crenation

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54
Q

what is crenation

A

shriveling of the cell, the plasma membrane contracts and appears scalloped or notched

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55
Q

what happens to cells with a cell wall in a hypertonic environment

A

they undergo plasmolysis

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56
Q

what happens in plasmolysis

A

plasma membrane contracts and detaches from the cell wall and there is a decrease in interior volume but the cell wall is intact

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57
Q

what happens to cells without a cell wall in a hypotonic environment

A

they are more prone to lysis

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58
Q

what happens to cells with a cell wall in a hypotonic environment

A

the cell wall helps maintain shape for a longer time before lysing

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59
Q

describe typical prokaryotic chromosome

A

circular, haploid, and not bound by a nuclear membrane

60
Q

where are prokaryotic DNA

A

within the nuclei region of the cell

61
Q

what does prokaryotic dna interact with

A

nucleic associated proteins that assist in the organization and packaging of the chromosome

62
Q

what do NAP’s function similar to

A

histones in eukaryotic cells

63
Q

in archaea how is the nuclei organized

A

by either naps or histone like DNA organizing proteins

64
Q

what is extrachromosomal DNA

A

DNA that is not part of the chromosome

65
Q

what cells contain extrachromosomal DNA

A

prokaryotes

66
Q

where is extrachromosomal DNA found

A

plasmids

67
Q

what are plasmids

A

small, circular, double stranded DNA molecules

68
Q

where are plasmids more commonly found

A

bacteria, but can also be found in archaea and eukaryotic organisms

69
Q

what kind of genes can plasmids carry

A

advantageous traits such as abx resistance

70
Q

what are ribosomes constructed from

A

proteins with ribosomal RNA

71
Q

where are prokaryotic ribosomes found

A

cytoplasm

72
Q

what ribosomes are found in prokaryotes

A

70s ribosomes

73
Q

what size ribosomes are in eukaryotic cells

A

80s

74
Q

how are bacteria and archaean ribosomes the same

A

they are the same size

75
Q

how are bacterial and archaean ribosomes different

A

they have different proteins and rRNA molecules, archaean versions are more similar to eukaryotic cells

76
Q

What are inclusions

A

cytoplasmic structures that store excess nutrients

77
Q

why are nutrients stored in a polymerized form

A

because it reduces the buildup of osmotic pressure that occurs as a cell accumulates solutes

78
Q

what do inclusions store

A

glycogen and starches that contain carbon that cell can access for energy

79
Q

what are volition granules

A

inclusions that store polymerized inorganic phosphate that can be used in metabolisms and assist in the creation of biofims

80
Q

what microbes contain volutin

A

archaea methanosarcina, bacterium corynebacterium diphtheria and unicellular eukaryotic alga chlamydomonas

81
Q

where are sulfur granules found

A

sulfur bacteria of genus thiobacillus to store elemental sulfur for metabolism

82
Q

what is polyhydroxybutyrate

A

a phospholipid monolayer embedded with protein in some inclusions

83
Q

what species produce PHB

A

bacillus and pseudomonas

84
Q

how is PHB used industrially

A

a source of biodegradable polymers for bioplastics

85
Q

example of inclusion that serve a purpose other than nutrient storage

A

some produce gas vacuoles, accumulations of small protein lined vesicles of gas to allow prokaryptic cells that synthesize them to alter their buoyancy to adjust their location in the water column

86
Q

what are magnetosomes

A

inclusions of magnetic iron oxide or iron sulfide surrounded by a lipid layer

87
Q

what do magnetosomes allow

A

cells to align along a magnetic field adding in movement

88
Q

what are carboxysome inclusions

A

composed outer shells of thousands of protein subunits for carbon metabolism

89
Q

what are carboxysomes composed of

A

outer shells of thousands of carboxylase and carbonic anhydrase used for carbon metabolism

90
Q

what are promo-organelles

A

structures that compartmentalize important compounds or chemical reactions

91
Q

what are endospores

A

structures that essentially protect the bacterial genome in a dormant stated when environmental conditions are unfavorable, they allow some bacterial cells to survive long periods without food or water and exposure to, chemical, extreme temps or radiation

92
Q

vegetative cells vs endosprores in extreme temps or radiation

A

vegetative are sensitive, endospores are resistant

93
Q

vegetative cells vs endosprores gram-staining

A

vegetative are gram- positive
endospores are do not absorb gram stain

94
Q

vegetative cells vs endosprores water content

A

vegetative cells have normal water and enzymatic activity endospores are dehydrated with no metabolic activity

95
Q

vegetative cells vs endosprores growth and metabolism

A

vegetative cells are capable of growth and metabolism endosprores are not

96
Q

what is sporulation

A

when vegetative cells transform into endospores

97
Q

when does sporulation begin

A

when nutrients become depleted or environmental conditions become unfavorable

98
Q

What are the steps of sporulation

A
  1. DNA replicates
  2. membranes form around DNA
  3. foreshore forms additional membranes
  4. protective cortex forms around the spore
  5. protein coat forms around the cortex
  6. spore is released
99
Q

what is a forespore

A

forms the core of the endospore and is a copy of the cells chromosomes and is separated from the mother cell by a second membrane

100
Q

how long can endospores stay dormant

A

thousands of years

101
Q

what happens to endospores when living conditions are favorable

A

they go through germination and become metabolically active again

102
Q

what are some significant endospore forming gram positive bacteria

A

B. anthracis
c. tetani
c. difficile
c. perfringens
c. botulinum

103
Q

what is the cell envelope

A

structures that enclose the cytoplasm and internal structures

104
Q

what is the fluid mosaic model

A

the ability of membrane components to move fluidly within the plane of the membrane as well as the mosaic like composition of components including a diverse array of lipid and protein components

105
Q

what is the plasma membrane of most bacterial and eukaryotic cell types made of

A

bilayer composed of phospholipids formed with ester linkages and proteins that have the ability to move laterally within the plane of membranes as well as between two phospholipid layers

106
Q

how are archaean membranes different from bacteria and eukaryotic membranes

A

archaean membrane phospholipids are formed with ether linkages, (I dont understand this)

Rachael phospholipids have branched chains instead of straight chains

some archaean plasma membranes are lipid monolayers

107
Q

what are proteins on the cell surface important for

A

cell to cell communication
sensing environmental conditions and pathogenic virulence factors

108
Q

what do membrane proteins and phospholipids have have

A

carbs and glycoproteins or glycolipids

109
Q

what uses simple diffusion

A

molecules moving from a higher concentration to a lower concentration with the concentration gradient

110
Q

what is facilitated diffusion

A

When charged molecules, and large molecules need the help of carriers or channels in the membrane

111
Q

When does active transport occur

A

when cells move molecules across their membrane against concentration gradients

112
Q

what is a major difference between passive and active transport

A

active transport requires ATP or other forms of energy

113
Q

what happens I group translocation

A

a molecule moves into a cell against its concentration gradient, it is chemicallymodified so it does not require transport against an unfavorable concentration gradient

114
Q

what is an example of group translocation

A

bacterial phosphotransferase system, which carriers phosphorylates glucose to other sugars upon entry into cells it is an energy neutral system

115
Q

what do photosynthetic prokaryotes have

A

an infolding of plasma membrane that encloses photosynthetic pigments and bacteriochlorophylls

116
Q

what is the major component of bacterial cell walls

A

peptidoglycan resembles a layer of meshwork or fabric

117
Q

What is peptidoglycan layers composed of

A

alternating molecules of NAG and NAM

118
Q

how thick are gram positive cell walls

A

30-100nm

119
Q

why is commonly embedded in a gram positive cell wall

A

teichoic acids, carbohydrate chains

120
Q

what does teichoic acid do

A

stabilize the peptidoglycan by increasing rigidity and increases the ability of pathogenic positive bacteria

121
Q

what is the periplasmic space

A

space between cell wall and plasma membrane

122
Q

what does lipopolysaccharide function as

A

an endotoxin in infections involving gram-negative bacteria, contributing to symptoms such as fever, hemorrhaging and shock.

123
Q

what are lipopolysaccharides composed of

A

lipid A, a core polysaccharide and an o side chain composed of sugar like molecules

124
Q

how are archaean cell walls different from bacteria

A

they have pseudopeptidoglycan instead of peptidoglycan
they may have a layer of glycoproteins or polysaccharides instead of pseudopeptidoglycan
some lack cell walls

125
Q

what are cell walls envelopes composed of

A

glycocalyces and s-layers

126
Q

What is glycocalyx

A

a sugar coat important in capsules and slime layers

127
Q

what is a capsule

A

layer outside the cell wall composed pf polysaccharides or proteins

128
Q

what is a slime layer

A

polysaccharides, glycoproteins or glycoplipids that can be easily washed off

129
Q

what does glycocalyces do

A

allows cells to adhere to surfaces aiding in the formation of biofilms

130
Q

What is an S-layer composed of

A

a mixture of structural proteins and glycoproteins

131
Q

where are s-layers found

A

in bacteria outside the cell, they are the cell wall in some archaea

132
Q

What are fimbriae

A

short bristle like proteins projecting from the cell by the 100’s

133
Q

WHAT DO FIMBRIAE DO

A

enable a cell to attach surfaces and other cells,

134
Q

what are pili

A

longer less numerous protein appendages that aid in attachment to surfaces

135
Q

what does an F pilus od

A

transfer DNA between bacterial cells

136
Q

what are flagella

A

structures used by cells to move in an aqueous environment

137
Q

what are flagella composed of

A

flagellin protein subunits

138
Q

what is the basal body

A

the motor for flagella embedded in plasma membrane

139
Q

what is a monotrichous flagellum

A

a bacterium with a singular flagellum

140
Q

what is an example of a monotrichous flagellum

A

vibrio cholerae

141
Q

what are amphitrichous flagella

A

flagellum or tufts of flagella at each end

142
Q

what is an example of amphitrichous flagella

A

spirillum minor

143
Q

what is lophotrichous flagella

A

a tuft at one end of the cell

144
Q

What is peritrichous flagella

A

flagella on the entire surface.

145
Q
A

Microbiology (15 decks)

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