introduction Flashcards
chapter 1
What are microbes
very small organisms.
how long have people been making fermented beverges
since 7000BC
what did neolithic Chinese make fermented beverages out of
rice, honey and fruit
what is microbial fermentation
a process that uses bacteria, mold or yeast to convert sugars to alcohol gases and organic acids
who is otzi the iceman
a 5300 year old mummy found frozen in the otzal alps
what was otzi infected with
trichuris trichiura and Lyme disease
how did otzi treat his wounds
woody fruit and tattoos made of cuts filled with herbs that were burnt
what did the greeks attribute disease to
bad air
what is Hippocrates considered
the father of western medicine
what did Hippocrates posit
diseases had natural causes from within patients or their environments
what is Thucydides considered
the father of scientific history because he advocated for evidence based analysis of cause and effect reasoning
what is Thucydides most important contribution
survivors of the Athens plague did not get re-infected suggesting immunity
what did Marcus terentius varrow purpose
things we cannot see cause disease
what did Abu bake al-razi develop
a range of experimental methods to test aspects of medicine
what did al-razi distinguish
measles and small pocks
what did Antonio van Leeuwenhoek develop
a microscope lens powerful enough to observe singe celled organisms in a drop of rain water.
what was Leeuwenhoek looking at in the drop of water
bacteria and protists
what did Pasteur show
that individual microbial stains had unique properties and demonstrated that fermentation is caused by microorganisms
what did pasteur invent
pasteurization and vaccines for rabies,
what is pasteurization
a process used to kill microorganisms responsible for spoillage
what did koch demonstrait
the connection between a single isolated microbe and human disease such as anthrax, cholera and tuberculosis
What is taxonomy
the classification, description, identification and naming of living organisms
who is the most famous early taxonomist
carolus linnaeus
how did Linnaeus divide the natural world
animal, plant and mineral kingdoms
what are phylogenies related they
taxonomies that take into account evolutionary relationships.
how are phylogenetic trees arranged
by how closely related they are thought to be.
what does modern taxonomy rely on
comparing dna or rna or proteins from different organisms
what is binomial nomenclature
a two-word naming system for identifying organisms by genus and specific epithet
how is binomial nomenclature written
italicized with the genus being capitalized
how big must a organism be to be seen without a microscope
100 micrometers
how big is an atom
1nm
how big is a fullerene molecule
1nm
how big is a protein
10nm
how big is a flu virus
100nm
how big are plant and animal cells
10-100um
how big is bacteria and mitochondria
1um
how big is a frog egg
1mm
what size requires a light microscope (double check this)
100nm to 100um
what size requires an electron microscope
1nm to 1um
what does it mean to be a prokaryote
cells lack a nucleus
what are eukaryotes
cells have a nucleus
what domains are prokaryotes
archaea and bacteria
what does it mean to be a pathogen
causes disease in humans and other animals
what do most bacteria cell walls contain
peptidoglycan
what are common shapes of bacteria
coccus
bacillus
vibrio
coccobacillus
spirillum
spirochete
what is archaea cell wall composed of
pseudopeptidoglycan
are archaea ever human pathogens
no
what are some eukaryotic microorganisms
protist
fungi
helminths
plants
animals
what are protists
informal group of eukaryotes that are not plants animals or fungi
Describe algae
mostly made of protist that can be either unicellular or multicellular
what are algal protist cell walls made of
cellulose
what is algae
photosynthetic organisms that extract energy from the sun and release oxygen and carbs into the environment
what is cyanobacteria
a type of bacteria that is also considered an algae
what is a algal protist cell wall made of
cellulose
what are some examples of consumer products that contain algae
carrageenan (align acid) found in ice cream, salad dressing, beverages, lipstick and toothpaste
agar
how do protozoa move
some with silica, or flagella, others can extend cell membrane and cytoplasm (pseudopods)
are protozoa pathogens
some are
what are fungi cell walls made of
chitin
what are unicellular fungi
yeasts
why do helminths fall under microbiology
they involve microscopic eggs and larvae
what are viruses
acellular microorgansims
what do viruses consist of
proteins and genetic material
What is spontaneous generation
a theory that living matter generated from non-living matter
what is biogenesis
theory that life comes from pre-existing life.
how did Pasteur prove biogenesis
by boiling broth in an s shaped neck flask to allow air in but not microbes
what are antiseptics,
kills bacteria on living tissue
how is phylogeny different from taxonomy
it looks at the evolutionary relationships between organisms
what did older classification techniques rely on to classify organisms
phenotype (visual characteristics)
how do modern techniques classify organisms
genotype (DNA)
Why is it more difficult to classify bacteria
they do not have distinctive physical characteristics
what does staphylococcus mean
clustered together
what does coccus mean
spherical shaped
what does aureus mean
yellow pigment when grown on a medium
what is the relationship between a nanometer and a milimeter
a nanometer is 1,000 times smaller than a milimeter
what is the relationship between a nanometer and a meter
a nanometer is 100,000 times smaller.
what do decomposers do
breakdown dead organisms and waste to put it back in the environment.
what were the main branches on Linnaeus tree of life
plant animal
what did Ernst Haeckel propose for other kingdoms
Protista for unicellular organisms and later minoras for unicellular organisms whose cells lack a nuclei (bacteria)
What did Robert Whittaker add to the tree of life
Fungi and superkingdoms (prokaryotes and eukaryotes
what are the branches of the most recent tree of life
bacteria, archaea, eukarya
Who is considered the father of western medicine
Hippocrates
who was the first to observe “animalcules under the microscope
Leeuwenhoek
who proposed that swamps might harbor tiny, disease-causing animals too small too see
Marcus Terentius Varro
Which of the following is Not a kingdom in Linnaeus taxonomy
-animal
-mineral
-protist
-plant
Protist
what is not a domain of woese and fox phylogenetic tree
-plantae
-bacteria
-archaea
-eukarya
Plantae
What is the standard resource for identifying bacteria
Bergeys manual of systematic bacteriology and determinative bacteriology
which of the following microorganisms is photosynthetic
-yeast
-virus
-helminth
-algae
algae
which of the following are prokaryotic microorganisms
-helminth
-protozoan
-cyanobacterium
-mold
Cyanobacteria
which of the following is a type of fungal microorganism
-bacterium
-protozoan
-alga
-yeast
Yeast
Thucydides is known as the father of ____
Scientific history
which of the five kingdoms in Whittakers tree are prokaryotic and which are eukaryotic
Prokaryote - miners
eukaryotes- fungi, protista, plantae, Animalia
what molecule did woese and fox use to construct their phylogenetic tree
rRNA
name some techniques that can be used to identify and differentiate species of bacteria
subunit rRNA
morphology
arrangement
describe the differences between bacteria and archaea
bacteria have a polypeptidoglycan cell wall
archaea have a pseudopeptidoglycan cell wall
different genetics
different metabolic pathways
describe the actual and relative sizes of a virus, a bacterium and a plant or animal cell
a virus is smaller than bacteria 100nm 10 times smaller than bacteria
bacteria is the same size as mitochondria (1um) 10 times smaller than a plant or animal cell
plant and animal cells are 1-100 um
how did fermented foods benefit our ancestors
It preserved and enhanced the taste of food
contrast behavior of a virus outside vs inside the cell
They are inert outside of a host cell and in a host cell it co-opts the cellular mechanisms to multiply and infect other hosts
which scientist proposed adding a kingdom for protists
Ernst Haeckel
Bacteria Prokaryote or eukaryote
Prokaryote
Bacteria cell wall composition
peptidoglycan
bacteria, heterotroph or autotroph
both
bacteria, unicellular or multicellular
unicellular
bacteria reproduction?
Binary fission
archaea, prokaryote or eukaryote
prokaryote
archaea, heterotroph or autotroph
both
archaea, unicellular or multicellular
unicellular
archaea reproduction?
binary fission
fungi, heterotroph or autotroph
heterotroph
fungi, unicellular or multicellular?
mold and shrooms, multi
yeast, uni
fungi, reproduction
both
protozoan cell wall composition
none
protozoan, heterotroph or autotroph
heterotroph
protozoan, unicellular or multicellular
unicellular
protozoan, sexual or asexual reproduction?
both
algae, heterotroph or autotroph?
autotroph
algae, unicellular or multicellular
both
algae, sexual or asexual?
both
helminth, cell wall?
none
helminth, autotroph or heterotroph
heterotroph
helminth unicellular or multicellular
multicellular
helminth, sexual reproduction
both
