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Microbiology > introduction > Flashcards

introduction Flashcards

chapter 1

1
Q

What are microbes

A

very small organisms.

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2
Q

how long have people been making fermented beverges

A

since 7000BC

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3
Q

what did neolithic Chinese make fermented beverages out of

A

rice, honey and fruit

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4
Q

what is microbial fermentation

A

a process that uses bacteria, mold or yeast to convert sugars to alcohol gases and organic acids

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5
Q

who is otzi the iceman

A

a 5300 year old mummy found frozen in the otzal alps

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6
Q

what was otzi infected with

A

trichuris trichiura and Lyme disease

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7
Q

how did otzi treat his wounds

A

woody fruit and tattoos made of cuts filled with herbs that were burnt

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8
Q

what did the greeks attribute disease to

A

bad air

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9
Q

what is Hippocrates considered

A

the father of western medicine

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10
Q

what did Hippocrates posit

A

diseases had natural causes from within patients or their environments

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11
Q

what is Thucydides considered

A

the father of scientific history because he advocated for evidence based analysis of cause and effect reasoning

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12
Q

what is Thucydides most important contribution

A

survivors of the Athens plague did not get re-infected suggesting immunity

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13
Q

what did Marcus terentius varrow purpose

A

things we cannot see cause disease

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14
Q

what did Abu bake al-razi develop

A

a range of experimental methods to test aspects of medicine

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15
Q

what did al-razi distinguish

A

measles and small pocks

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16
Q

what did Antonio van Leeuwenhoek develop

A

a microscope lens powerful enough to observe singe celled organisms in a drop of rain water.

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17
Q

what was Leeuwenhoek looking at in the drop of water

A

bacteria and protists

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18
Q

what did Pasteur show

A

that individual microbial stains had unique properties and demonstrated that fermentation is caused by microorganisms

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19
Q

what did pasteur invent

A

pasteurization and vaccines for rabies,

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20
Q

what is pasteurization

A

a process used to kill microorganisms responsible for spoillage

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21
Q

what did koch demonstrait

A

the connection between a single isolated microbe and human disease such as anthrax, cholera and tuberculosis

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22
Q

What is taxonomy

A

the classification, description, identification and naming of living organisms

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23
Q

who is the most famous early taxonomist

A

carolus linnaeus

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24
Q

how did Linnaeus divide the natural world

A

animal, plant and mineral kingdoms

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25
Q

what are phylogenies related they

A

taxonomies that take into account evolutionary relationships.

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26
Q

how are phylogenetic trees arranged

A

by how closely related they are thought to be.

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27
Q

what does modern taxonomy rely on

A

comparing dna or rna or proteins from different organisms

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28
Q

what is binomial nomenclature

A

a two-word naming system for identifying organisms by genus and specific epithet

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29
Q

how is binomial nomenclature written

A

italicized with the genus being capitalized

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30
Q

how big must a organism be to be seen without a microscope

A

100 micrometers

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31
Q

how big is an atom

A

1nm

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32
Q

how big is a fullerene molecule

A

1nm

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33
Q

how big is a protein

A

10nm

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34
Q

how big is a flu virus

A

100nm

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35
Q

how big are plant and animal cells

A

10-100um

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35
Q

how big is bacteria and mitochondria

A

1um

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36
Q

how big is a frog egg

A

1mm

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37
Q

what size requires a light microscope (double check this)

A

100nm to 100um

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38
Q

what size requires an electron microscope

A

1nm to 1um

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39
Q

what does it mean to be a prokaryote

A

cells lack a nucleus

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40
Q

what are eukaryotes

A

cells have a nucleus

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41
Q

what domains are prokaryotes

A

archaea and bacteria

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42
Q

what does it mean to be a pathogen

A

causes disease in humans and other animals

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43
Q

what do most bacteria cell walls contain

A

peptidoglycan

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44
Q

what are common shapes of bacteria

A

coccus
bacillus
vibrio
coccobacillus
spirillum
spirochete

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45
Q

what is archaea cell wall composed of

A

pseudopeptidoglycan

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46
Q

are archaea ever human pathogens

A

no

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47
Q

what are some eukaryotic microorganisms

A

protist
fungi
helminths
plants
animals

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48
Q

what are protists

A

informal group of eukaryotes that are not plants animals or fungi

49
Q

Describe algae

A

mostly made of protist that can be either unicellular or multicellular

50
Q

what are algal protist cell walls made of

A

cellulose

51
Q

what is algae

A

photosynthetic organisms that extract energy from the sun and release oxygen and carbs into the environment

52
Q

what is cyanobacteria

A

a type of bacteria that is also considered an algae

53
Q

what is a algal protist cell wall made of

A

cellulose

54
Q

what are some examples of consumer products that contain algae

A

carrageenan (align acid) found in ice cream, salad dressing, beverages, lipstick and toothpaste
agar

55
Q

how do protozoa move

A

some with silica, or flagella, others can extend cell membrane and cytoplasm (pseudopods)

56
Q

are protozoa pathogens

A

some are

57
Q

what are fungi cell walls made of

A

chitin

58
Q

what are unicellular fungi

A

yeasts

59
Q

why do helminths fall under microbiology

A

they involve microscopic eggs and larvae

60
Q

what are viruses

A

acellular microorgansims

61
Q

what do viruses consist of

A

proteins and genetic material

62
Q

What is spontaneous generation

A

a theory that living matter generated from non-living matter

63
Q

what is biogenesis

A

theory that life comes from pre-existing life.

64
Q

how did Pasteur prove biogenesis

A

by boiling broth in an s shaped neck flask to allow air in but not microbes

65
Q

what are antiseptics,

A

kills bacteria on living tissue

66
Q

how is phylogeny different from taxonomy

A

it looks at the evolutionary relationships between organisms

67
Q

what did older classification techniques rely on to classify organisms

A

phenotype (visual characteristics)

68
Q

how do modern techniques classify organisms

A

genotype (DNA)

69
Q

Why is it more difficult to classify bacteria

A

they do not have distinctive physical characteristics

70
Q

what does staphylococcus mean

A

clustered together

71
Q

what does coccus mean

A

spherical shaped

72
Q

what does aureus mean

A

yellow pigment when grown on a medium

73
Q

what is the relationship between a nanometer and a milimeter

A

a nanometer is 1,000 times smaller than a milimeter

74
Q

what is the relationship between a nanometer and a meter

A

a nanometer is 100,000 times smaller.

75
Q

what do decomposers do

A

breakdown dead organisms and waste to put it back in the environment.

76
Q

what were the main branches on Linnaeus tree of life

A

plant animal

77
Q

what did Ernst Haeckel propose for other kingdoms

A

Protista for unicellular organisms and later minoras for unicellular organisms whose cells lack a nuclei (bacteria)

78
Q

What did Robert Whittaker add to the tree of life

A

Fungi and superkingdoms (prokaryotes and eukaryotes

79
Q

what are the branches of the most recent tree of life

A

bacteria, archaea, eukarya

80
Q

Who is considered the father of western medicine

A

Hippocrates

81
Q

who was the first to observe “animalcules under the microscope

A

Leeuwenhoek

82
Q

who proposed that swamps might harbor tiny, disease-causing animals too small too see

A

Marcus Terentius Varro

83
Q

Which of the following is Not a kingdom in Linnaeus taxonomy

-animal
-mineral
-protist
-plant

A

Protist

84
Q

what is not a domain of woese and fox phylogenetic tree

-plantae
-bacteria
-archaea
-eukarya

A

Plantae

85
Q

What is the standard resource for identifying bacteria

A

Bergeys manual of systematic bacteriology and determinative bacteriology

86
Q

which of the following microorganisms is photosynthetic
-yeast
-virus
-helminth
-algae

A

algae

87
Q

which of the following are prokaryotic microorganisms
-helminth
-protozoan
-cyanobacterium
-mold

A

Cyanobacteria

88
Q

which of the following is a type of fungal microorganism
-bacterium
-protozoan
-alga
-yeast

A

Yeast

89
Q

Thucydides is known as the father of ____

A

Scientific history

90
Q

which of the five kingdoms in Whittakers tree are prokaryotic and which are eukaryotic

A

Prokaryote - miners
eukaryotes- fungi, protista, plantae, Animalia

91
Q

what molecule did woese and fox use to construct their phylogenetic tree

A

rRNA

92
Q

name some techniques that can be used to identify and differentiate species of bacteria

A

subunit rRNA
morphology
arrangement

93
Q

describe the differences between bacteria and archaea

A

bacteria have a polypeptidoglycan cell wall
archaea have a pseudopeptidoglycan cell wall
different genetics
different metabolic pathways

94
Q

describe the actual and relative sizes of a virus, a bacterium and a plant or animal cell

A

a virus is smaller than bacteria 100nm 10 times smaller than bacteria

bacteria is the same size as mitochondria (1um) 10 times smaller than a plant or animal cell

plant and animal cells are 1-100 um

95
Q

how did fermented foods benefit our ancestors

A

It preserved and enhanced the taste of food

96
Q

contrast behavior of a virus outside vs inside the cell

A

They are inert outside of a host cell and in a host cell it co-opts the cellular mechanisms to multiply and infect other hosts

97
Q

which scientist proposed adding a kingdom for protists

A

Ernst Haeckel

98
Q

Bacteria Prokaryote or eukaryote

A

Prokaryote

99
Q

Bacteria cell wall composition

A

peptidoglycan

100
Q

bacteria, heterotroph or autotroph

A

both

101
Q

bacteria, unicellular or multicellular

A

unicellular

102
Q

bacteria reproduction?

A

Binary fission

103
Q

archaea, prokaryote or eukaryote

A

prokaryote

104
Q

archaea, heterotroph or autotroph

A

both

105
Q

archaea, unicellular or multicellular

A

unicellular

106
Q

archaea reproduction?

A

binary fission

107
Q

fungi, heterotroph or autotroph

A

heterotroph

108
Q

fungi, unicellular or multicellular?

A

mold and shrooms, multi
yeast, uni

109
Q

fungi, reproduction

A

both

110
Q

protozoan cell wall composition

A

none

111
Q

protozoan, heterotroph or autotroph

A

heterotroph

112
Q

protozoan, unicellular or multicellular

A

unicellular

113
Q

protozoan, sexual or asexual reproduction?

A

both

114
Q

algae, heterotroph or autotroph?

A

autotroph

115
Q

algae, unicellular or multicellular

A

both

116
Q

algae, sexual or asexual?

A

both

117
Q

helminth, cell wall?

A

none

118
Q

helminth, autotroph or heterotroph

A

heterotroph

119
Q

helminth unicellular or multicellular

A

multicellular

120
Q

helminth, sexual reproduction

A

both

Microbiology (11 decks)

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