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prokaryotic diversity Flashcards

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1
Q

Where are prokaryotes found

A

everywhere on the planet

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2
Q

what are the benefits of prokaryotes to the ecosystem

A

they are necessary for soil formation and stabilization and increase soil fertility, feed shrimp and flys

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3
Q

Where do prokaryotes thrive on the human body

A

mouth, nasal cavities, throat, ears, GI tract, vagina, skin especially moist areas,

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4
Q

how are prokaryotes necesary for soil formation

A

the breakdown of organic matter and development of biofilms

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5
Q

What do prokaryotes do with substances released from plant roots

A

they metabolize them and release the products back into the soil increasing fertility.

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6
Q

What halo bacteria do

A

decompose dead brine shrimp and nourish young brine shrimp and flies with products of bacteria metabolism

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7
Q

What does it mean to metabolically flexible

A

they can switch from one energy source to another depending on availability of sources, from one metabolic pathway to another

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8
Q

What is an example of prokaryotic cyanobacteria being metabolically flexible

A

it can switch from conventional lipid metabolism producing fatty aldehydes to a different type that creates biofuel such as fatty acids and wax esters

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9
Q

what functions do prokaryotes perform that are vital to life on earth

A

they capture (fixing) and recycle elements like carbon and nitrogen animals require organic carbon but are unable to use use inorganic carbon making them rely on prokaryotes to convert carbon dioxide into organic carbon they can use

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10
Q

what is carbon fixation

A

converting carbon dioxide into organic carbon

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11
Q

what is nitrogen fixation

A

the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia

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12
Q

why do plants and animals rely on nitrogen fixation

A

plants need ammonia to form different biomolecules for survival that are then fed to animals

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13
Q

What genus is an example of a nitrogen fixing bacteria

A

Rhizobium

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14
Q

Where do Rhizobium live

A

in the roots of legumes such as clover alfalfa and peas

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15
Q

how do Rhizobium help legumes

A

helps them survive by enabling them to nucleic acids

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16
Q

how do prokaryotes clean up the environment

A

some bacteria degrade toxic chemicals that pollute water and soil

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17
Q

which prokaryotes are human pathogens

A

less than 1% all bacteria

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18
Q

how do prokaryotes contribute to climate change

A

melting ice caps expose release carbon that are metabolized by prokaryotes producing carbon dioxide, and methane

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19
Q

what is a population

A

a group of individual organisms belong to the same species in a certain geographic area

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20
Q

what is a community

A

a group of interacting populations of organisms

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21
Q

what are cooperative interactions

A

interactions that benefit populaitons

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22
Q

what are competitive interactions

A

interactions where one population competes with another for resources

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23
Q

what is symbiosis

A

any interaction between different species in a community

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24
Q

what is mutualism

A

both populations benefit

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25
Q

what is amensalism

A

one population is harmed and the other is unaffected

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26
Q

what is commensalism

A

one population benefits while the other is unaffected

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27
Q

what’s neutralism

A

both populations are unaffected

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28
Q

what is parasitism

A

one population benefits while the other is harmed

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29
Q

what is the relationship between humans and bacteroides thetaiotaomicron

A

mutualism- the bacteria breaks down polysaccharide plant materials that humans can’t breaking them into monosaccharides

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30
Q

what is the relationship between humans and escherichia coli

A

E. coli gets nutrients and humans get the vitamins such as vitamin k (only some e coli strains

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31
Q

What is the relationship between staphylococcus epidermidis and propionibacterium acnes

A

amensalism- they produce antibacterial bacteriocins that kill other species and are unaffected by the bacteriocins they produce

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32
Q

what is the relationship between staphylococcus epidermidis and humans

A

commensalism s. epidermidis uses human skin as nutrients but does not harm humans when healthy. the relationship can also be considered mutualism because it kills other bacteria

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33
Q

what is the relationship between bacillus anthraces and other endospores

A

neutralism- it can live in peace with other endospores that have not germinated

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34
Q

what is the relationship between humans and other pathogens

A

parasitism- humans get sick while the other benefits

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35
Q

what is microbiome

A

all prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms associated with a certain organism or environment

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36
Q

what are resident microbiota in the human microbiome

A

microorganisms that are constantly in or on our bodies

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37
Q

what is transient microbiota

A

microorganisms that are only temporarily in the human body including pathogens

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38
Q

What are the 3 classifications of bacteria

A

gram-negative
gram-postive
atypical

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39
Q

what makes a bacteria gram positive

A

the thick peptidoglycan cell wall retains the primary stain during decolorization making it remain purple

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40
Q

what makes a bacteria gram-negative

A

it has a thin peptidoglycan cell wall that does not prevent crystal violet from being washed away so it is red/pink after staining with safarin

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41
Q

what makes a bacteria atypical

A

it cannot be stained by gram stained procedure or are two small to be evaluated by gram stain procedure.

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42
Q

what is the group of deeply branching bacteria based on

A

physiological, biochemical, and genetic features

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43
Q

how can gram negative bacteria be further classified

A

proteobacteria, cytophaga flavobacterium bacteroides and spirochetes

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44
Q

what are deeply branching bacteria

A

very early evolutionary form of bacteria

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45
Q

where do deep branching bacteria live

A

hot, acidic, ultraviolet light exposed and anaerobic conditions

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46
Q

what is included in proteobacteria

A

pathogen e coli and bordetella pertusis

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47
Q

What is included in the CFB group of bacteria

A

normal human gut microbiota

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48
Q

how are gram positive bacteria further broken down

A

into Low G+C and high G+C

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49
Q

what is low G+C bacteria

A

less than 50% of guanine and cytosine nucleotides

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50
Q

what’s hight G+C

A

more than 50% Guanine and cytosine

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51
Q

what are included in low G+C

A

human pathogens such as anthrax, tetanus, and listeriosis

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52
Q

what is included in high G+C bacteria

A

diphtheria, tuberculosis

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53
Q

What proteobacteria colloquialy called

A

purple bacteria and their relatives

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54
Q

what kind of bacteria are proteobacteria

A

gramp negative

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55
Q

what are the 5 classes of proteobacteria

A

alphaproteobacteria
betaproteobacteria
gammaproteobacteria
deltaproteobacteria
epsilonproteobacteria

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56
Q

What are oligotrophs

A

organisms capable of living low nutrient environments such as deep oceanic sediments, glacial ice, or deep undersurface soil

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57
Q

what are obligate intracellular pathogens

A

pathogens that require part of their life cycle to occur inside other cells

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58
Q

What makes Rickettsia an obligate intracellular pathogen

A

it cannot synthesize its own ATP and relies on other cells for energy needs.

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59
Q

What pathogens are caused by Rickettsia spp.

A

rocky mountain spotted fever
typhus

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60
Q

list betaproteobacteria

A

bordetella
burkholderia
leptothrix
neisseria
thiobacillus

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61
Q

how are neisseria spp grown

A

on chocolate agar

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62
Q

what is the most diverse gram-negative bacteria

A

gammaproteobacteria

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63
Q

genus that are gammaproteobacteria

A

beggiatoa
coxiella
enterobacter
erwinia
escherichia
hemophilus
klebsiella
legionella
methylomonas
proteus
pseudomonas
serrate
shigella
vibrio
yersinia

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64
Q

Describe P. aeruginosa

A

a pseudomonas that is strictly aerobic, non fermenting, highly motile and that infects wounds burns, urinary tract, and respiratory infections in those with cystic fibrosis or ventilators

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65
Q

What does pasteurella hemolytica cause

A

pneumonia in sheep and goats

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66
Q

what does p. multocida cause

A

infections in the skin and deeper tissue

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67
Q

what does the genus haemophilus contain

A

H. influenzai and H. ducreyi

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68
Q

what does h. influenza cause

A

upper and lower respiratory infections such as sinusitis, bronchitis, ear infections and pneumonia

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69
Q

what does H. ducreyi cause

A

STI chancroid

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70
Q

Describe Vibrio cholerae

where they live and stuff

A

comma shaped aquatic bacterium that hives in alkaline environments like shallow lagoons

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71
Q

what does V. cholerae cause

A

hyper secretion of electrolytes and water in the large intestine leading to watery diarrhea and dehydration.

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72
Q

What does parahaemolyticus cause

A

gastrointestinal disease in humans

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73
Q

what does V. vulnificus cause

A

cellulitis and blood born infections

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74
Q

describe aliivibrio fischeri

A

has a symbiotic relationship with squid, squid provides nutrients and bacteria produces bioluminescence that protects the squid from predators

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75
Q

describe L. pneumophilia

A

belongs to legionella genus, causes legionnaires disease, is aquatic in warm pools of water such as tanks of AC units

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76
Q

what are enteric bacteria

A

intestinal bacteria

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77
Q

what are the two categories of enteric bacteria

A

coliforms
noncoliforms

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78
Q

what are coliform able to do

A

ferment lactose completely

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79
Q

what is included in noncoliforms

A

salmonella, shigella, Yersinia pestis

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80
Q

who studied E. coli

A

Theodor Escherich

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81
Q

what is the relationship with humans and E coli.

A

most are mutualistic but some produce shiga toxin that is deadly

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82
Q

how does shiva toxin work

A

it interacts with ribosomes of other cells to prevent protein synthesis leading to cellular death and hemorrhagic colitis

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83
Q

what are serotypes

A

strains or variations of the same species of bacteria

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84
Q

describe deltaproteobacteria

A

gram negative proteobacteria that include sulfate reducing bacteria

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85
Q

what is desulfovibrio orale

A

deltaproteobacteria associated with periodontal disease

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86
Q

describe bdellovibrio

A

species parasites of other gram-negative bacteria

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87
Q

describe mycobacteria

A

lives I soil and scavenges inorganic compounds, motile and social

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88
Q

genus’ that belong to deltaproteobacteria

A

bdellovibrio
desulfovibirio
myxobacterium

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89
Q

describe epsilonproteobacteria

A

gram-negative microaerophilic bacteria

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90
Q

what genus belong to epsilonproteobacteria

A

campylobacter
helicobacter

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91
Q

what is trachomatis

A

a human pathogen that causes trachoma, a disease of the eyes and STI lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)

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92
Q

Describe the genus chlamydia

A

gram-negative, obligate intracellular pathogens that are resistant to cellular defenses spread via elementary

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93
Q

what are elementary bodies

A

metabolically and reproductively inactive endospore-like form of intracellular bacteria that enter epithelial cells where they are active

94
Q

What is the life cycle of chlamydia

A

inactive elementary bodies enter epithelial cell

elementary bodies turn into active reticulate bodies

reticulate bodies multiply and release more elementary bodies when the cell dies after the host cells ATP is used

95
Q

How are spirochetes characterized

A

by long spiral shaped bodies
most are very thin

96
Q

why are spirochetes difficult to examine after gram stained under Brightfield microscope

A

they are very thin

97
Q

what is the best method to examine spirochetes

A

dark field fluorescent microscopy

98
Q

why are spirochetes difficult to culture

A

they are highly motile, using axial filament to propel themselves

99
Q

how are axial filaments different from flagellum

A

they wrap around the cell and run inside the cell body in the periplasmic space

100
Q

what species is included in genus Treponema

A

T. pallidum

101
Q

what are the 4 subspecies of T. pallidum

A

T. pallidum pallidum
T. pallidum pertenue
T. pallidum carateum
T. pallidum endemicum

102
Q

what does T pallidum pallidum cause

A

syphilis the 3rd most prevalent sexually transmitted bacterial infection

103
Q

what do non syphilis t. pallidum cause

A

tropical infectious diseases of skin bones and joints

104
Q

are spirochetes proteobacteria

A

no

105
Q

what genera is treponema

A

spirochete

106
Q

what is Borrelia a genus of

A

spirochete

107
Q

what is included in Borrelia

A

B burgdorerfi
B recurrent

108
Q

what does B. burgdorferi cause

A

Lyme disease

109
Q

What is the CFB group

A

Gram-negative nonproteobacteria

110
Q

what genera are included in the CFB group

A

cytophaga
fusobacterium
bacteroides

111
Q

what similarities to the CFB group share

A

some of the sequence of nucleotides in DNA, they are rod shaped, anaerobic,

112
Q

What do CFB bacteria live

A

gums, gut, and Ruben of ruminating animals

113
Q

describe cytophaga

A

motile aquatic bacteria that glide

114
Q

describe fusobacteria

A

inhabit the human mouth and may cause infectious disease

115
Q

where do bactericides live

A

large intestine

116
Q

what percent of the human enterobacteria are bacteroides

A

30%

117
Q

what are planctyomytes

A

nonproteo gram negative bacteria

118
Q

where are planctomycetes found

A

aquatic environments, inhabiting freshwater, saltwater and brackish water

119
Q

how do planctomycetes reproduce

A

budding

120
Q

what is budding

A

one maternal cell splits into two equal daughter cells, during binary fission the mother cell forms a bud that teaches and lives as an independent cell

121
Q

what do phototrophic bacteria perform when they do not produce oxygen

A

they perform anoxygenic photosynthesis

122
Q

what type of photosynthesis does most phototrophic perform

A

an oxygenic with the exception of cyanobacteria

123
Q

what are bacteriochlorophylls

A

green, purple or blue pigments similar chlorophyll in plants

124
Q

what do suffer bacteria use to perform photosynthesis

A

electron donors and free elemental sulfur

125
Q

what do nonsulfer bacteria use for photosynthesis

A

organic substrates such as succinate and malate as donor of electrons

126
Q

describe bacteria of the genus chromatium

A

purple sulfur gammaproteobacteria

127
Q

what does purple suffer bacteria do

A

oxidize hydrogen sulfide into elemental sulfur and sulfuric acid

128
Q

where do purple sulfur bacteria get there color

A

bacteriochlorophylls and carotenoids

129
Q

what do chromatium need to survive

A

they use carbon dioxide as their only source of carbon but growth relies on the presence of sulfites to use as electron donors

130
Q

what do green sulfur bacteria use for oxidation

A

sulfide

131
Q

what do green sulfur bacteria produce

A

large amounts of green bacteriochlorphyll

132
Q

what is a genus that is a green sulfur bacterium

A

chlorobium

133
Q

where is chlorophyll stored in chlorobium

A

vesicle like organelles called chlorosomes

134
Q

how are purple nonsulfer bacteria different than purple sulfur bacteria

A

they use hydrogen rather than hydrogen sulfide for oxidation

135
Q

what genus is an example of purple non sulfur bacteria

A

rhodospirillum

136
Q

describe rhodospirillum

A

facultative anaerobes that are pink and can metabolize (fix) nitrogen

137
Q

what makes rhodospirillum useful

A

their potential ability to produce biological plastic and hydrogen fuel

138
Q

what makes green non sulfur different from green sulfur bacteria

A

they use substrates rather than sulfides for oxidation

139
Q

why is an example of a green non sulfur bacterium

A

chloroflexus

140
Q

describe chloroflexus

A

its often orange when grows in dark bur green when grows in sunglight, performs an oxygenic photosynthesis using organic sulfites or molecular hydrogen as electron donors, can survive in dark if oxygen is unavailable

141
Q

what color is cyanobacteria

A

blue-green

142
Q

describe cyanobacteria

A

perform oxygenic photosynthesis, produces gaseous oxygen

143
Q

where does cyanobacteria thrive

A

many places including marine and freshwater, soil, rocks, polar deserts

144
Q

how do cyanobacteria live

A

unicellular or as part of colonies, can be filamentous, forming sheaths or biofilms, many metabolize nitrogen into nitrites and nitrates

145
Q

how do scientist hypothesize that plants originated

A

endosymbiosis of ancestral eukaryptic cells and ancestral photosynthetic bacteria.

146
Q

what is cyanobacteria negative impact on human health

A

some genera can form harmful blooms that produce toxins that cause tumors of liver and diseases of the nervous system in animals.

147
Q

what does gram positive actinobacteria have

A

more than 50% G+C

148
Q

what does the class bacilli contain

A

low G+C

149
Q

Where do actinobacteria live

A

mostly in soil but some are aquatic, most are aerobic

150
Q

what makes actiobacteria distinctive

A

it has several different peptidoglycan in the cell wall

151
Q

what is are some genus that are actinobacteria

A

actinomyces
mycobacterium
corynebacterium
bifidobacterium
gardnerella

152
Q

where do actinomyces live

A

in soil the human mouth

153
Q

what does actinomyces cause in humans

A

periodontitis and oral abscesses

154
Q

what is A. Israeli

A

an actinomycetes bacterium that is an anaerobe that causes endocarditis

155
Q

describe mycobacterium

A

bacilli covered by mycotic acid coat

156
Q

what does mycolic acid protect cells from

A

some antibiotics, from drying out, and blocks penetration by gram stain reagents

157
Q

what staining is required for mycobacterium

A

acid fast because of the mycotic acid

158
Q

what bacteria fall under mycobacterium

A

M. tuberculosis
m. leprae

159
Q

describe the genus corynebacterium

A

they contain diaminopimelic acid in their cell walls and form palisades, may contain metachromatic granules,

160
Q

what helps identify corynebacterium

A

inorganic phosphates

161
Q

what bacteria are corynebacterium spp

A

c. diphtheria

162
Q

how does diphtheria hurt humans

A

produces a toxin that forms a pseudomembrane in the patients throat

163
Q

describe the genus bifidobacterium

A

consists of filamentous anaerobes many in the GI tract, vagina and mouth

164
Q

what species is in genus gardnella

A

G. vaginalis

165
Q

describe G. vaginalis

A

gram variable, causes bacterial vaginosis

166
Q

why is G. vaginalis gram variable

A

the small coccobacilli do not show consistent results when gram stained

167
Q

What class does clostridia belong to

A

low G+C

168
Q

what is the best studied genus in clostridia

A

clostridium

169
Q

describe clostridia

A

rod shaped obligate anaerobes that produce endospores

170
Q

where is clostridium found

A

soil, aqua sediments rich in organic nutrients

171
Q

what species belong under clostridium spp

A

C. perfringens
C. tetani
C. botulinum
c. difficile

172
Q

what does c. perfringens cause

A

food poisoning and gas gangrene

173
Q

When does gas gangrene occur

A

When C. perfringens enter a wound and germinate and produce a toxin that causes necrosis.

174
Q

Describe lactobacillales

A

low G+c gram positive bacteria that includes bacilli and cocci

175
Q

what genre are included in lactobacillales

A

lactobacillus
leuconostoc
enterococcus
streptococcus

176
Q

what does streptococcus name come from

A

greek for twisted chain

177
Q

what make streptococcus special

A

they are classified by serotypes called lance field groups and their ability to lyse red blood sells

178
Q

what is s. pyogenes considered

A

a pyogenic pathogen because of the associated pus production with infections it causes

179
Q

what does s. progenies cause

A

bacterial pharyngitis (strep throat) and skin infections such as impetigo and necrotizing fasciitis

180
Q

what are nonpyogenic streptococci

A

streptococcal species that are grouped together because they inhabit the human mouth and do not belong in a lansfield group

181
Q

what is the relationship with nonpyogenic streptococci

A

most are commensals

182
Q

describe s. pneumoniae

A

a streptococcus that does not belong to a lance field group and is diplococci instead of chains

183
Q

what does s. pneumonia cause

A

pneumonia and other respiratory infections, meningitis, septicemia, osteomyelitis, endocarditis

184
Q

are all bacteria in the bacilli class bacillus shaped

A

no

185
Q

what do the bacteria in the genus bacillus produce

A

endospores

186
Q

describe bacteria in the genus of bacilli

A

aerobes or facultative anaerobes,

187
Q

what are bacteria in the genus bacillus useful for

A

creating antibiotics, enzymes and detergent

188
Q

name to pathogens that belong to the genus bacillus

A

b anthraces
b cereus

189
Q

what does b anthraces cause

A

anthrax

190
Q

what does b. cereus cause

A

food poisoning

191
Q

what class does staphylococcus belong to

A

bacilli

192
Q

what shape is staphylococcus

A

coccus

193
Q

describe staphylococcus

A

facultative anaerobic, halophilic, nonmotile

194
Q

most common staphylococcus

A

s. epidermidis, s. aureus

195
Q

describe risks and benefits of s. epidermidis

A

lives o human skin and won’t harm healthy people, can cause infections with catheters and the immunocompomised

196
Q

what does s. aureus cause

A

skin infections, boils, carbuncles, cellulitis, impetigo

197
Q

what does s. aureus produce

A

enterotoxin and the toxin responsible for toxic shock syndrome

198
Q

can mycoplasmas be stained

A

no they do not possess a cell wall

199
Q

what does pleomorphic mean

A

can take on a variety of shapes and resemble small animal cells

200
Q

what are deeply branching bacteria considered

A

the first last universal common ancestor

201
Q

what is it hypothesized that deeply branching bacteria were

A

thermophiles and hyperthermophiles

202
Q

describe acethothermus paucivorans

A

gram- negative deeply branching bacteria that is the deepest branching bacterium

203
Q

what is in the class aquificae

A

deeply branching bacteria that are adapted to the harshest conditions on the planet like when life first appeared

204
Q

where does genus aquifex live

A

hyperthermophiles that live in hot springs higher than 90C

205
Q

where do A. pyrophilus thrive

A

near underwater volcanoes and thermal ocean bents where water can reach 138C

206
Q

what does c. aquifex use as nutrients

A

inorganic substances, it can reduce oxygen and nitrogen in anaerobic conditions and are resistant to ultraviolet light and ionizing radiation

207
Q

describe the class thermotogae

A

deeply branching bacteria that are hyperthermophilic or mesophilic, anaerobic, gram-negative whose cells are wrapped in a sheath-like outer membrane

208
Q

what makes thermotogae cell wall unusual

A

it has a thin peptidoglycan cell wall with diaminopimelic acid and and d-lysine

209
Q

what does the class thermotogae release

A

molecular hydrogen that can be used in industry

210
Q

name to genus that belong to thermotogae

A

t marítima and t subterrânea

211
Q

what is d radiodurans considered

A

a polyextremophile because of its ability to survive under many extreme conditions

212
Q

how are archaea cell walls different from bacteria

A

cell wall is composed of ether linkages wit branched isoprene chains

lacks a peptidoglucan cell wall and has pesudopeptidoglycan

213
Q

what makes archaea stand out from bacteria and eukaryotes

A

they can perform methanogenesis

214
Q

where do archaea live

A

any habitat

215
Q

what makes archaea hard to classify

A

their size and complexity of their genome

216
Q

are Archea in human microbiome

A

no

217
Q

describe crenarchaeota

A

aquatic organisms, most are hyperthermophiles

218
Q

describe genus sulfolobus

A

archaea that are thermopiles and acidophilus that can live in aerobic or anaerobic environments

219
Q

how do sulfolubus live in anaerobic environments

A

they oxidize sulfur to produce sulfuric acid that is stored in granules

220
Q

describe genus thermoproteus

A

strictly anaerobic archaea that have flagella and a monolayer lipid cell membrane, autotrophic

221
Q

what do thermoproteus use as nutrients

A

reduce sulfur or molecular hydrogen and use carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide

222
Q

what phylum do methanogens belong to

A

eurachaeota

223
Q

what is a methanogen

A

they can reduce carbon dioxide in the presecens of hydrogen producing methane

224
Q

where do methanogens live

A

all extremes temperatures

225
Q

what is halophilic

A

salt loving

226
Q

are halo bacteria bacteria or archaea

A

archaea

227
Q

where do halo bacteria live

A

Dead Sea and some salty lakes in Antartica and south-central Asia

228
Q

what makes halo bacteria remarkable

A

they perform photosynthesis using the protein bacteriorhodopsin giving them a purple color

229
Q

What is the movement of a molecule across a membrane of low concentration to high concentration

A

active transport

230
Q

What do Leptospira and treponema have in common

A

axial filaments

231
Q

what are some phenotypes in bacteria

A

morphology
enzymes produced
arrangement

232
Q

prokaryotes that reproduce similar to fungi

A

plantomycetes
streptomyces
mycobacterium

Microbiology (15 decks)

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