prokaryotic diversity Flashcards
Where are prokaryotes found
everywhere on the planet
what are the benefits of prokaryotes to the ecosystem
they are necessary for soil formation and stabilization and increase soil fertility, feed shrimp and flys
Where do prokaryotes thrive on the human body
mouth, nasal cavities, throat, ears, GI tract, vagina, skin especially moist areas,
how are prokaryotes necesary for soil formation
the breakdown of organic matter and development of biofilms
What do prokaryotes do with substances released from plant roots
they metabolize them and release the products back into the soil increasing fertility.
What halo bacteria do
decompose dead brine shrimp and nourish young brine shrimp and flies with products of bacteria metabolism
What does it mean to metabolically flexible
they can switch from one energy source to another depending on availability of sources, from one metabolic pathway to another
What is an example of prokaryotic cyanobacteria being metabolically flexible
it can switch from conventional lipid metabolism producing fatty aldehydes to a different type that creates biofuel such as fatty acids and wax esters
what functions do prokaryotes perform that are vital to life on earth
they capture (fixing) and recycle elements like carbon and nitrogen animals require organic carbon but are unable to use use inorganic carbon making them rely on prokaryotes to convert carbon dioxide into organic carbon they can use
what is carbon fixation
converting carbon dioxide into organic carbon
what is nitrogen fixation
the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia
why do plants and animals rely on nitrogen fixation
plants need ammonia to form different biomolecules for survival that are then fed to animals
What genus is an example of a nitrogen fixing bacteria
Rhizobium
Where do Rhizobium live
in the roots of legumes such as clover alfalfa and peas
how do Rhizobium help legumes
helps them survive by enabling them to nucleic acids
how do prokaryotes clean up the environment
some bacteria degrade toxic chemicals that pollute water and soil
which prokaryotes are human pathogens
less than 1% all bacteria
how do prokaryotes contribute to climate change
melting ice caps expose release carbon that are metabolized by prokaryotes producing carbon dioxide, and methane
what is a population
a group of individual organisms belong to the same species in a certain geographic area
what is a community
a group of interacting populations of organisms
what are cooperative interactions
interactions that benefit populaitons
what are competitive interactions
interactions where one population competes with another for resources
what is symbiosis
any interaction between different species in a community
what is mutualism
both populations benefit
what is amensalism
one population is harmed and the other is unaffected
what is commensalism
one population benefits while the other is unaffected
what’s neutralism
both populations are unaffected
what is parasitism
one population benefits while the other is harmed
what is the relationship between humans and bacteroides thetaiotaomicron
mutualism- the bacteria breaks down polysaccharide plant materials that humans can’t breaking them into monosaccharides
what is the relationship between humans and escherichia coli
E. coli gets nutrients and humans get the vitamins such as vitamin k (only some e coli strains
What is the relationship between staphylococcus epidermidis and propionibacterium acnes
amensalism- they produce antibacterial bacteriocins that kill other species and are unaffected by the bacteriocins they produce
what is the relationship between staphylococcus epidermidis and humans
commensalism s. epidermidis uses human skin as nutrients but does not harm humans when healthy. the relationship can also be considered mutualism because it kills other bacteria
what is the relationship between bacillus anthraces and other endospores
neutralism- it can live in peace with other endospores that have not germinated
what is the relationship between humans and other pathogens
parasitism- humans get sick while the other benefits
what is microbiome
all prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms associated with a certain organism or environment
what are resident microbiota in the human microbiome
microorganisms that are constantly in or on our bodies
what is transient microbiota
microorganisms that are only temporarily in the human body including pathogens
What are the 3 classifications of bacteria
gram-negative
gram-postive
atypical
what makes a bacteria gram positive
the thick peptidoglycan cell wall retains the primary stain during decolorization making it remain purple
what makes a bacteria gram-negative
it has a thin peptidoglycan cell wall that does not prevent crystal violet from being washed away so it is red/pink after staining with safarin
what makes a bacteria atypical
it cannot be stained by gram stained procedure or are two small to be evaluated by gram stain procedure.
what is the group of deeply branching bacteria based on
physiological, biochemical, and genetic features
how can gram negative bacteria be further classified
proteobacteria, cytophaga flavobacterium bacteroides and spirochetes
what are deeply branching bacteria
very early evolutionary form of bacteria
where do deep branching bacteria live
hot, acidic, ultraviolet light exposed and anaerobic conditions
what is included in proteobacteria
pathogen e coli and bordetella pertusis
What is included in the CFB group of bacteria
normal human gut microbiota
how are gram positive bacteria further broken down
into Low G+C and high G+C
what is low G+C bacteria
less than 50% of guanine and cytosine nucleotides
what’s hight G+C
more than 50% Guanine and cytosine
what are included in low G+C
human pathogens such as anthrax, tetanus, and listeriosis
what is included in high G+C bacteria
diphtheria, tuberculosis
What proteobacteria colloquialy called
purple bacteria and their relatives
what kind of bacteria are proteobacteria
gramp negative
what are the 5 classes of proteobacteria
alphaproteobacteria
betaproteobacteria
gammaproteobacteria
deltaproteobacteria
epsilonproteobacteria
What are oligotrophs
organisms capable of living low nutrient environments such as deep oceanic sediments, glacial ice, or deep undersurface soil
what are obligate intracellular pathogens
pathogens that require part of their life cycle to occur inside other cells
What makes Rickettsia an obligate intracellular pathogen
it cannot synthesize its own ATP and relies on other cells for energy needs.
What pathogens are caused by Rickettsia spp.
rocky mountain spotted fever
typhus
list betaproteobacteria
bordetella
burkholderia
leptothrix
neisseria
thiobacillus
how are neisseria spp grown
on chocolate agar
what is the most diverse gram-negative bacteria
gammaproteobacteria
genus that are gammaproteobacteria
beggiatoa
coxiella
enterobacter
erwinia
escherichia
hemophilus
klebsiella
legionella
methylomonas
proteus
pseudomonas
serrate
shigella
vibrio
yersinia
Describe P. aeruginosa
a pseudomonas that is strictly aerobic, non fermenting, highly motile and that infects wounds burns, urinary tract, and respiratory infections in those with cystic fibrosis or ventilators
What does pasteurella hemolytica cause
pneumonia in sheep and goats
what does p. multocida cause
infections in the skin and deeper tissue
what does the genus haemophilus contain
H. influenzai and H. ducreyi
what does h. influenza cause
upper and lower respiratory infections such as sinusitis, bronchitis, ear infections and pneumonia
what does H. ducreyi cause
STI chancroid
Describe Vibrio cholerae
where they live and stuff
comma shaped aquatic bacterium that hives in alkaline environments like shallow lagoons
what does V. cholerae cause
hyper secretion of electrolytes and water in the large intestine leading to watery diarrhea and dehydration.
What does parahaemolyticus cause
gastrointestinal disease in humans
what does V. vulnificus cause
cellulitis and blood born infections
describe aliivibrio fischeri
has a symbiotic relationship with squid, squid provides nutrients and bacteria produces bioluminescence that protects the squid from predators
describe L. pneumophilia
belongs to legionella genus, causes legionnaires disease, is aquatic in warm pools of water such as tanks of AC units
what are enteric bacteria
intestinal bacteria
what are the two categories of enteric bacteria
coliforms
noncoliforms
what are coliform able to do
ferment lactose completely
what is included in noncoliforms
salmonella, shigella, Yersinia pestis
who studied E. coli
Theodor Escherich
what is the relationship with humans and E coli.
most are mutualistic but some produce shiga toxin that is deadly
how does shiva toxin work
it interacts with ribosomes of other cells to prevent protein synthesis leading to cellular death and hemorrhagic colitis
what are serotypes
strains or variations of the same species of bacteria
describe deltaproteobacteria
gram negative proteobacteria that include sulfate reducing bacteria
what is desulfovibrio orale
deltaproteobacteria associated with periodontal disease
describe bdellovibrio
species parasites of other gram-negative bacteria
describe mycobacteria
lives I soil and scavenges inorganic compounds, motile and social
genus’ that belong to deltaproteobacteria
bdellovibrio
desulfovibirio
myxobacterium
describe epsilonproteobacteria
gram-negative microaerophilic bacteria
what genus belong to epsilonproteobacteria
campylobacter
helicobacter
what is trachomatis
a human pathogen that causes trachoma, a disease of the eyes and STI lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)
Describe the genus chlamydia
gram-negative, obligate intracellular pathogens that are resistant to cellular defenses spread via elementary
what are elementary bodies
metabolically and reproductively inactive endospore-like form of intracellular bacteria that enter epithelial cells where they are active
What is the life cycle of chlamydia
inactive elementary bodies enter epithelial cell
elementary bodies turn into active reticulate bodies
reticulate bodies multiply and release more elementary bodies when the cell dies after the host cells ATP is used
How are spirochetes characterized
by long spiral shaped bodies
most are very thin
why are spirochetes difficult to examine after gram stained under Brightfield microscope
they are very thin
what is the best method to examine spirochetes
dark field fluorescent microscopy
why are spirochetes difficult to culture
they are highly motile, using axial filament to propel themselves
how are axial filaments different from flagellum
they wrap around the cell and run inside the cell body in the periplasmic space
what species is included in genus Treponema
T. pallidum
what are the 4 subspecies of T. pallidum
T. pallidum pallidum
T. pallidum pertenue
T. pallidum carateum
T. pallidum endemicum
what does T pallidum pallidum cause
syphilis the 3rd most prevalent sexually transmitted bacterial infection
what do non syphilis t. pallidum cause
tropical infectious diseases of skin bones and joints
are spirochetes proteobacteria
no
what genera is treponema
spirochete
what is Borrelia a genus of
spirochete
what is included in Borrelia
B burgdorerfi
B recurrent
what does B. burgdorferi cause
Lyme disease
What is the CFB group
Gram-negative nonproteobacteria
what genera are included in the CFB group
cytophaga
fusobacterium
bacteroides
what similarities to the CFB group share
some of the sequence of nucleotides in DNA, they are rod shaped, anaerobic,
What do CFB bacteria live
gums, gut, and Ruben of ruminating animals
describe cytophaga
motile aquatic bacteria that glide
describe fusobacteria
inhabit the human mouth and may cause infectious disease
where do bactericides live
large intestine
what percent of the human enterobacteria are bacteroides
30%
what are planctyomytes
nonproteo gram negative bacteria
where are planctomycetes found
aquatic environments, inhabiting freshwater, saltwater and brackish water
how do planctomycetes reproduce
budding
what is budding
one maternal cell splits into two equal daughter cells, during binary fission the mother cell forms a bud that teaches and lives as an independent cell
what do phototrophic bacteria perform when they do not produce oxygen
they perform anoxygenic photosynthesis
what type of photosynthesis does most phototrophic perform
an oxygenic with the exception of cyanobacteria
what are bacteriochlorophylls
green, purple or blue pigments similar chlorophyll in plants
what do suffer bacteria use to perform photosynthesis
electron donors and free elemental sulfur
what do nonsulfer bacteria use for photosynthesis
organic substrates such as succinate and malate as donor of electrons
describe bacteria of the genus chromatium
purple sulfur gammaproteobacteria
what does purple suffer bacteria do
oxidize hydrogen sulfide into elemental sulfur and sulfuric acid
where do purple sulfur bacteria get there color
bacteriochlorophylls and carotenoids
what do chromatium need to survive
they use carbon dioxide as their only source of carbon but growth relies on the presence of sulfites to use as electron donors
what do green sulfur bacteria use for oxidation
sulfide
what do green sulfur bacteria produce
large amounts of green bacteriochlorphyll
what is a genus that is a green sulfur bacterium
chlorobium
where is chlorophyll stored in chlorobium
vesicle like organelles called chlorosomes
how are purple nonsulfer bacteria different than purple sulfur bacteria
they use hydrogen rather than hydrogen sulfide for oxidation
what genus is an example of purple non sulfur bacteria
rhodospirillum
describe rhodospirillum
facultative anaerobes that are pink and can metabolize (fix) nitrogen
what makes rhodospirillum useful
their potential ability to produce biological plastic and hydrogen fuel
what makes green non sulfur different from green sulfur bacteria
they use substrates rather than sulfides for oxidation
why is an example of a green non sulfur bacterium
chloroflexus
describe chloroflexus
its often orange when grows in dark bur green when grows in sunglight, performs an oxygenic photosynthesis using organic sulfites or molecular hydrogen as electron donors, can survive in dark if oxygen is unavailable
what color is cyanobacteria
blue-green
describe cyanobacteria
perform oxygenic photosynthesis, produces gaseous oxygen
where does cyanobacteria thrive
many places including marine and freshwater, soil, rocks, polar deserts
how do cyanobacteria live
unicellular or as part of colonies, can be filamentous, forming sheaths or biofilms, many metabolize nitrogen into nitrites and nitrates
how do scientist hypothesize that plants originated
endosymbiosis of ancestral eukaryptic cells and ancestral photosynthetic bacteria.
what is cyanobacteria negative impact on human health
some genera can form harmful blooms that produce toxins that cause tumors of liver and diseases of the nervous system in animals.
what does gram positive actinobacteria have
more than 50% G+C
what does the class bacilli contain
low G+C
Where do actinobacteria live
mostly in soil but some are aquatic, most are aerobic
what makes actiobacteria distinctive
it has several different peptidoglycan in the cell wall
what is are some genus that are actinobacteria
actinomyces
mycobacterium
corynebacterium
bifidobacterium
gardnerella
where do actinomyces live
in soil the human mouth
what does actinomyces cause in humans
periodontitis and oral abscesses
what is A. Israeli
an actinomycetes bacterium that is an anaerobe that causes endocarditis
describe mycobacterium
bacilli covered by mycotic acid coat
what does mycolic acid protect cells from
some antibiotics, from drying out, and blocks penetration by gram stain reagents
what staining is required for mycobacterium
acid fast because of the mycotic acid
what bacteria fall under mycobacterium
M. tuberculosis
m. leprae
describe the genus corynebacterium
they contain diaminopimelic acid in their cell walls and form palisades, may contain metachromatic granules,
what helps identify corynebacterium
inorganic phosphates
what bacteria are corynebacterium spp
c. diphtheria
how does diphtheria hurt humans
produces a toxin that forms a pseudomembrane in the patients throat
describe the genus bifidobacterium
consists of filamentous anaerobes many in the GI tract, vagina and mouth
what species is in genus gardnella
G. vaginalis
describe G. vaginalis
gram variable, causes bacterial vaginosis
why is G. vaginalis gram variable
the small coccobacilli do not show consistent results when gram stained
What class does clostridia belong to
low G+C
what is the best studied genus in clostridia
clostridium
describe clostridia
rod shaped obligate anaerobes that produce endospores
where is clostridium found
soil, aqua sediments rich in organic nutrients
what species belong under clostridium spp
C. perfringens
C. tetani
C. botulinum
c. difficile
what does c. perfringens cause
food poisoning and gas gangrene
When does gas gangrene occur
When C. perfringens enter a wound and germinate and produce a toxin that causes necrosis.
Describe lactobacillales
low G+c gram positive bacteria that includes bacilli and cocci
what genre are included in lactobacillales
lactobacillus
leuconostoc
enterococcus
streptococcus
what does streptococcus name come from
greek for twisted chain
what make streptococcus special
they are classified by serotypes called lance field groups and their ability to lyse red blood sells
what is s. pyogenes considered
a pyogenic pathogen because of the associated pus production with infections it causes
what does s. progenies cause
bacterial pharyngitis (strep throat) and skin infections such as impetigo and necrotizing fasciitis
what are nonpyogenic streptococci
streptococcal species that are grouped together because they inhabit the human mouth and do not belong in a lansfield group
what is the relationship with nonpyogenic streptococci
most are commensals
describe s. pneumoniae
a streptococcus that does not belong to a lance field group and is diplococci instead of chains
what does s. pneumonia cause
pneumonia and other respiratory infections, meningitis, septicemia, osteomyelitis, endocarditis
are all bacteria in the bacilli class bacillus shaped
no
what do the bacteria in the genus bacillus produce
endospores
describe bacteria in the genus of bacilli
aerobes or facultative anaerobes,
what are bacteria in the genus bacillus useful for
creating antibiotics, enzymes and detergent
name to pathogens that belong to the genus bacillus
b anthraces
b cereus
what does b anthraces cause
anthrax
what does b. cereus cause
food poisoning
what class does staphylococcus belong to
bacilli
what shape is staphylococcus
coccus
describe staphylococcus
facultative anaerobic, halophilic, nonmotile
most common staphylococcus
s. epidermidis, s. aureus
describe risks and benefits of s. epidermidis
lives o human skin and won’t harm healthy people, can cause infections with catheters and the immunocompomised
what does s. aureus cause
skin infections, boils, carbuncles, cellulitis, impetigo
what does s. aureus produce
enterotoxin and the toxin responsible for toxic shock syndrome
can mycoplasmas be stained
no they do not possess a cell wall
what does pleomorphic mean
can take on a variety of shapes and resemble small animal cells
what are deeply branching bacteria considered
the first last universal common ancestor
what is it hypothesized that deeply branching bacteria were
thermophiles and hyperthermophiles
describe acethothermus paucivorans
gram- negative deeply branching bacteria that is the deepest branching bacterium
what is in the class aquificae
deeply branching bacteria that are adapted to the harshest conditions on the planet like when life first appeared
where does genus aquifex live
hyperthermophiles that live in hot springs higher than 90C
where do A. pyrophilus thrive
near underwater volcanoes and thermal ocean bents where water can reach 138C
what does c. aquifex use as nutrients
inorganic substances, it can reduce oxygen and nitrogen in anaerobic conditions and are resistant to ultraviolet light and ionizing radiation
describe the class thermotogae
deeply branching bacteria that are hyperthermophilic or mesophilic, anaerobic, gram-negative whose cells are wrapped in a sheath-like outer membrane
what makes thermotogae cell wall unusual
it has a thin peptidoglycan cell wall with diaminopimelic acid and and d-lysine
what does the class thermotogae release
molecular hydrogen that can be used in industry
name to genus that belong to thermotogae
t marítima and t subterrânea
what is d radiodurans considered
a polyextremophile because of its ability to survive under many extreme conditions
how are archaea cell walls different from bacteria
cell wall is composed of ether linkages wit branched isoprene chains
lacks a peptidoglucan cell wall and has pesudopeptidoglycan
what makes archaea stand out from bacteria and eukaryotes
they can perform methanogenesis
where do archaea live
any habitat
what makes archaea hard to classify
their size and complexity of their genome
are Archea in human microbiome
no
describe crenarchaeota
aquatic organisms, most are hyperthermophiles
describe genus sulfolobus
archaea that are thermopiles and acidophilus that can live in aerobic or anaerobic environments
how do sulfolubus live in anaerobic environments
they oxidize sulfur to produce sulfuric acid that is stored in granules
describe genus thermoproteus
strictly anaerobic archaea that have flagella and a monolayer lipid cell membrane, autotrophic
what do thermoproteus use as nutrients
reduce sulfur or molecular hydrogen and use carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide
what phylum do methanogens belong to
eurachaeota
what is a methanogen
they can reduce carbon dioxide in the presecens of hydrogen producing methane
where do methanogens live
all extremes temperatures
what is halophilic
salt loving
are halo bacteria bacteria or archaea
archaea
where do halo bacteria live
Dead Sea and some salty lakes in Antartica and south-central Asia
what makes halo bacteria remarkable
they perform photosynthesis using the protein bacteriorhodopsin giving them a purple color
What is the movement of a molecule across a membrane of low concentration to high concentration
active transport
What do Leptospira and treponema have in common
axial filaments
what are some phenotypes in bacteria
morphology
enzymes produced
arrangement
prokaryotes that reproduce similar to fungi
plantomycetes
streptomyces
mycobacterium
