The Cell Cycle Flashcards

(31 cards)

1
Q

Roles of Cell division

A

Reproduction & Growth & Development

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2
Q

Prokaryotic cells undergo ______ ________ to divide because ________________________ and the result is _____________.

A
  1. binary fission (NOT mitosis)
  2. they are unicellular with a single circular chromosome (simpler than eukaryotes)
  3. two genetically identical daughter cells
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3
Q

How do eukaryotic cells divide?

A

Mitosis

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4
Q

What is the centromere?

A

Site of attachment of chromatids and kinetochore

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5
Q

Name the four distinct phases of interphase

A

G1 -> S-phase -> G2 -> M phases

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6
Q

What happens during G1

A

GAP 1

  • normal cell activities
  • the cell is preparing to divide
  • one copy of genome |
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7
Q

What happens during S phase

A

SYNTHESIS PHASE
1 copy of genome -> two copies
| -> |’|

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8
Q

What happens during G2

A

GAP 2
- normal cell activities
BUT cell is now committed to eventual mitosis

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9
Q

What happens during M phase

A

Mitosis (separation of chromatids)

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10
Q

Name the six phases of mitosis in order

A

Prophase -> Prometaphase -> Metaphase -> Anaphase -> Telophase -> Cytokinesis

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11
Q

Main process in prophase

A

Chromosomal condensation

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12
Q

How many chromosomes and chromatids are there in prophase

A

2 chromosomes, 4 chromatids

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13
Q

When do the microtubule organizing centers replicate

A

S phase

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14
Q

What happens to the microtubule organizing centers during prophase

A

They migrate away from the nucleus towards periphery of cell

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15
Q

How do microtubules move chromosomes in mitosis

A
  • polymerization/depolymerization
  • kinesin (+) end directed motor
  • dyenin (DIE = negative) end directed motor
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16
Q

Main process of prometaphse

A

Nuclear envelope breakdown (NEBD), microtubules reach for chromosomes “fishing”

17
Q

Stable attachment occurs when the microtubules attach to:
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. kinetochore
  2. other microtubules
  3. membrane
18
Q

What happens if the microtubules misses in prometaphase

A

it depolymerizes

19
Q

Main process of Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up at metaphase plate

20
Q

How are chromosomes pushed to the middle in metaphase

A

Polymerization and kinesin

21
Q

How are chromosomes pulled to the middle in metaphase

A

Depolymerization and dyenin

22
Q

Main process of Anaphase

A

Separation of chromatids
|’| -> |’ ‘|
TWO CHROMATIDS BECOME TWO CHROMOSOMES

23
Q

How are chromosomes pulled to opposite poles in anaphase

A

Depolymerization and dyenin

24
Q

How is the cell elongated in Anaphase

A

Overlapping microtubules (polar MTs) “pushing elbows out”

25
Main process of Telophase
Nuclear envelope reformation, chromosomal decondensation | "T for tit"
26
Main process of Cytokinesis
Separation of cytoplasm
27
How is the cytoplasm split during Cytokinesis
Microfilaments form cytokinetic furrow/contractile ring, myosin "walks" along MF to constrict flow
28
What are the three checkpoints of the cell cycle
1. Restriction point at G1/S: most important, are there signals/space/nutrients to divide? Once past restriction point, cell fated for division. 2. G2/M checkpoint: is DNA rep complete? 3. Metaphase/Anaphase checkpoint: are all kinetochores attached by MTs?
29
What is cancer
Uncontrolled cell division due to accumulation of mutations
30
The normal function of a tumor suppressor gene is ______________ and if a mutation interferes with this, it will lead to _________________. An example of a TSG is _____.
1. prevent passage through the cell cycle (brake pedal) 2. uncontrolled cell division 3. BRCAI (dysfunctional copy of genes predisposes you to breast cancer)
31
The normal function of a proto-oncogene is to ___________ and a mutation can cause __________.
1. promote the cell cycle (gas pedal) | 2. the gene to ignore stop signals (uncontrolled cell divsion)