Eukaryotic Cell Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the organelles in the endomembrane system

A

Nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes

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2
Q

Function of the nucleus

A

storage of DNA, site of gene expression

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3
Q

Function of the nucleolus

A

site of ribosomal subunit assembly (large and small protein components associate with their rRNAs)

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4
Q

When do ribosomes subunits come together

A

When they leave the nucleus, come together in cytoplasm (protect DNA)

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5
Q

Function and structure of the nuclear envelope

A

Separates nucleoplasm from cytoplasm (protect DNA)

Consists of two lipid bilayers + nuclear lamina

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6
Q

In DNA packaging, what histone stacks the nucleosomes

A

H1

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7
Q

What happens to chromatin during packaging

A

turns into chromosome

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8
Q

Difference between centromere, chromatid, chromatin, chromosome, centrosome, centrioles

A

Centromere: where sister chromatids are linked
Chromatid: half a chromosome
Chromosome: DNA molecule
Chromatin: DNA & protein, chromosome pre-packaging
Centrosome: organelle, microtubule organizing center
Centrioles: organelle made of tubulin, makes up centrosome

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9
Q

Rough ER are found in the endomembrane system, they are covered in _________, these are called ____________, they make proteins destined for ____________________.

A
  1. ribosomes
  2. Bound ribosomes
  3. endomembrane system
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10
Q

Function of rough ER

A

site of protein synthesis for proteins that function within the endomembrane system
site of protein control (chaperones)

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11
Q

Where are free ribosomes found

A

In the cytoplasm

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12
Q

Function of the smooth ER

A

ion storage, phospholipid synthesis, steroid synthesis, detoxification of drugs and alcohol

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13
Q

Function of the Golgi apparatus

A

receives cargo from ER, sorts to different destinations (lysosome, plasma membrane, back to ER), packages cargo into vesicles
“fed ex” of the cell

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14
Q

What are the two models of Golgi Trafficking, explain briefly

A

1) Vesicle trafficking: vesicle fuses with cis, cargo is transferred from cis to medial to trans Golgi in vesicles
2) Cisternal Maturation: cis becomes medial, medial becomes trans, trans splits into vesicles. New cisternae forms by fusion of vesicles from ER

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15
Q

Function of the lysosome as the “cell stomach”, its ideal pH and how it maintains it

A

digestion of macromolecules from endocytosis, contains hydrolytic enzymes that function best at pH=5 (constantly pumped H+ in to maintain low pH)

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16
Q

Function of lysosome as autophagy

A

autophagy= self eating

organelle recycling, but also so a cell can commit suicide by rupturing lysosome (apoptosis)

17
Q

What happens during lysosomal storage disorders

A

patient lacks enzyme to digest a particular lipid, it accumulates and causes neuronal cell death

18
Q

Three functions of vacuoles

A

food vacuoles, contractile vacuoles (pump out excess water), central vacuole (in plants-storage)

19
Q

Name the organelles not in the endomembrane system

A

mitochondria, chloroplasts, peroxisomes, cytoskeleton

20
Q

What are peroxisomes involved in

A

detox of alcohols, metabolism of fats

21
Q

Name the different types of fibers in the cytoskeleton

A

microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments

22
Q

Function/Structure of microtubules

A

Compression resistance, polymers of tubulin

ex. Eukaryotic flagellum

23
Q

Function/Characteristics of Eukaryotic Flagellum

A

Cell movement, powered by ATP hydrolysis, membrane bound, whip-like, movement generated by dyenin

24
Q

Structure/Function of Microfilaments, polymer of ____. Motor: _____

A

polymer of actin, tension resistance, movement (muscular contraction), motor: myosin
ex. Sarcomere (contractile unit of the muscle)

25
Q

Structure/Function of Intermediate Filaments

A

many diff subunit types that form rope like filaments, tension resistance

ex. laminin (forms the nuclear lamina)
ex. Keratin: hair and nails