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Biology > The cell > Flashcards

The cell Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The cell def

A

Smallest basic unit of life capable of maintaining homeostasis- “biological self balance”, keeps a stable internal environment when external changes occur.

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2
Q

types of organisms with Prokaryotic cell

A

unicellular

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3
Q

types of organisms with Eukaryotic cell

A

unicellular + multicellular

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4
Q

are Prokaryotic cells dependent on surrounding cells

A

independent

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5
Q

are Eukaryotic cells dependent on surrounding cells

A

dependent

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6
Q

Prokaryotic cells size

A

1-3 mm(micrometers)

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7
Q

Eukaryotic cells size

A

10-30 mm(micrometers)

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8
Q

does a Prokaryotic cell have a nucleus?

A

no

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9
Q

does a Eukaryotic cell have a nucleus?

A

yes

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10
Q

DNA storage in a Prokaryotic cell

A

in the cytoplasm

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11
Q

DNA storage in a Eukaryotic cell

A

in the nucleus

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12
Q

DNA structure in a Eukaryotic cell

A

in chromosomes

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13
Q

DNA structure in a Prokaryotic cell

A

circular

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14
Q

does a Eukaryotic cell have organelles?

A

yes, has membrane-bound organelles

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15
Q

does a Prokaryotic cell have organelles?

A

no, doesn’t have membrane-bound organelles

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16
Q

does a Prokaryotic cell have a cell wall?

A

most do

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17
Q

does a Eukaryotic cell have a cell wall?

A

in plant and fungi cells, not in animal cells

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18
Q

cell division in a Eukaryotic cell

A

mitosis/ meiosis

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19
Q

cell division in a Prokaryotic cell

A

fusion/ budding

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20
Q

cytoplasm composition

A

cytosol + organelles

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21
Q

nucleus structure

A

is A double-membrane organelle (two phospholipid bilayer).
The membrane is highly selective and separates it from the cytoplasm.
The nucleus membrane contains nuclear pores, which allow passage in and out of the nucleus.

22
Q

nucleolus def

A

a darker area in the nucleus, a highly active area where synthesis of RNA takes place.

23
Q

nucleus Functions:

A

Contains the genetic code DNA/chromosomes
DNA replication
RNA transcription

24
Q

Ribosomes def

A

A protein factory composed of two sub-units - small and large. the number of ribosomes in a Cell depends on its metabolic demand.

25
Q

the 2 types of ribosomes:

A

Free floating ribosomes - moving freely in the cytoplasm, create proteins for the cell.
RER bound ribosomes - located on the RER, create exported proteins and cell membrane proteins.

26
Q

ribosome main Function

A

Protein synthesis.

27
Q

small and large subunit of ribosome sizes in bacteria;

A

30s
50s

28
Q

small and large subunit of ribosome sizes in humans;

A

40s
60s

29
Q

RER def

A

A membranous continuation of the nuclear membrane, that is overlapping itself. Under the microscope the RER appears rough due to the high content of ribosomes attached to the membrane.

30
Q

The internal space between the membranes of the RER is called the…

A

ER lumen.

31
Q

RER Function

A

Part of protein synthesis- here, proteins undergo modification by adding sugars to the proteins in the lumen and get sent out.

32
Q

SER def

A

Appears smooth under microscope (no ribosomes). It’s a series of membranes like the RER.

33
Q

SER Functions

A

lipid synthesis, create phospholipids, cholesterol for cell membranes
metal storage - Ca2+, Zn, cobalt, copper
Detoxification - breaks down drugs, alcohol and toxins, which is why the liver cells are abundant with SER.

34
Q

Golgi apparatus def

A

The mail service of the cell. The Golgi is composed of membrane-bound sacs called cisternae. The inside space of each sac is called lumen. The cisternae are arranged in a certain way:
The cis face is closer to the nucleus, while the
trans face is closer to the cell membrane.
The medial face is in between the cis and the trans face.

35
Q

The Golgi is composed of membrane-bound sacs called …

A

cisternae

36
Q

in the golgi, The ….. is closer to the nucleus, while the
…… face is closer to the cell membrane.
The …….face is in between the cis and the trans face.

A

The cis face is closer to the nucleus, while the
trans face is closer to the cell membrane.
The medial face is in between the …. and the …. face.

37
Q

Golgi Functions:

A

The Golgi receives proteins from the RER ribosomes. In the Golgi they’re arranged labeled and repacked.
Modifies proteins, changing or adding proteins
Packages exported proteins with vesicle
Sorts proteins

38
Q

Mitochondria def

A

Powerhouse. Producing energy known as ATP. The mitochondria grows and reproduces by themselves without instructions from the nucleus. Has its own DNA containing 13 genes, producing its own proteins.
The DNA is circular and self-replicating. Contains ribosomes similar to that of prokaryotes.

39
Q

Mitochondria Structure

A

Double membrane
Outer membrane- permeable
Inner membrane- selective permeability with folds called cristae. The folds increase surface area = more space for chemical reactions
Intermembrane area located between outer and inner membranes
Matrix -space within the inner membrane

40
Q

Mitochondria Functions

A

Aerobic respiration- Converts glucose into ATP
Apoptosis - programmed cell death mitochondria creates and secretes enzymes that mediate cell self-destruction

41
Q

Vesicle def

A

A small phospholipid bubble, aimed to transport molecules such as proteins from the Golgi towards the cell membrane.

42
Q

Lysosome def

A

Lyses - break down, Som/soma-body
Small sac with a membrane, containing digestive enzymes.
Has a low pH of 5.
The “digestive system of the cell”. Breaks down molecules.

43
Q

Proteasome def

A

a large protein complex in the cytosol responsible for degrading proteins which have been marked for destruction.

44
Q

Peroxisome def

A

A small membrane-bound sac containing hydrogen peroxide. Helps eliminate pathogens using free radicals.
Acts as an immune system for the cell.

45
Q

The cytoskeleton def

A

Complex network of protein fibers, that determine the shape, strength, rigidity and cell movement.
It is also the highway ofthe cells, a support and communication system in the cell.

46
Q

the 3 cytoskeleton fibers:

A

Microtubules
intermediate filaments
microfilaments

47
Q

Microtubules structure

A

25 nanometers.
A hollow tube protein of two subunits: alpha tubulin, beta tubulin.
The tubulin are paired as dimers. They can elongate and disassemble by adding or retracting dimers.

48
Q

Microtubules functions

A

Intracellular (inside the cell) transportation
formation of mitotic spindle (takes part and cell division)
formation of cilia - hair like structure on cells, and flagella

49
Q

Microfilaments structure

A

Thin filaments- 7 nanometers.
Made of two Twisted chains of proteins called actin.

50
Q

Microfilaments functions

A

involved in muscle contraction
provides support, shape, structure to the cell
ring structure - divides the cell into two during mitosis.

51
Q

Intermediate filaments structure

A

Medium thickness - 10 to 12 nanometers in size.
creates strong fibers like collagen, keratin.

52
Q

Intermediate filaments Functions

A

Intercellular communication (between cells)
Provides structural stability and rigidity of the cell wall

Biology (10 decks)

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