Macromolecules1- (carbs)lesson3 Flashcards
Macromolecules
The building blocks of every organism.
Many macromolecules are polymers of smaller molecules called monomers.
Carbohydrates monomer
monosaccharides
Carbohydrates composition
carbons, hydrogens and oxygens in a ratio of 1:2:1, with the following formula: CnH2nOn.
Carbohydrates contain one of the following functional groups:
Aldehyde/Ketone
Aldehyde
carbonyl group located at the end of the carbon skeleton
Ketone
internal carbonyl group
Triose
three carbon sugar,Glyceraldehyde
Tetros
four carbon sugar,Erythrose
Pentos
five carbon sugar - Ribose and Dexyribose
Hexose
glucose, fructose, mannose, galactose
sole source of energy for the brain, kidneys, and red blood cells
Alpha-D-Glucose
Insulin ……..blood glucose levels by signaling the cells to ………..it and the liver to ………it in the form of the polysaccharide ……….
Insulin decreases blood glucose levels by signaling the cells to consume it and the liver to store it in the form of the polysaccharide glycogen.
Glucagon ……….. blood sugar level by signaling the liver to …………..glucose from its storage, and ………….it from other molecules.
Glucagon increases blood sugar level by signaling the liver to release glucose from its storage, and produce it from other molecules.
Hypoglycemia
- low glucose level in the blood
Hyperglycemia
- high glucose level in the blood
Disaccharides are 2 joined monosaccharides bonded by a what bond?
glycosidic bond
Maltose composition
a-D-glucose + a-D-glucose
Sucrose composition
a-D-glucose + fructose
Lactose composition
a-D-glucose + galactose
Cellulose composition
beta-D-glucose +beta-D-glucose
Emylase
an enzyme responsible for digesting carbohydrates in the body,It breaks down glycosidic bonds in Alpha-D-glucose. It can not break the bonds in beta-D-glucose.
Glycogen
12,000 Alpha-D-glucose units. known as “animal sugar”, can be found in the skeletal muscles and liver. The liver maintains blood sugar levels by breaking down glycogen into monosaccharides, and releasing it into the blood during
starvation. Glycogen is aimed to enable exercise in the muscle, especially anaerobic
Starch
12,000 Alpha D glucose units, less branched than glycogen. Found in starchy vegetables ( potatoes ).
Cellulose
15,000 BD glucose units, not branched. Not digestible by humans. Used by plants to build cell walls.
