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Biology > Macromolecules2 (lipids) lesson3 > Flashcards

Macromolecules2 (lipids) lesson3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

lipid monomer

A

fatty acids

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2
Q

lipid functions

A

structural support for cells, energy storage, and cell signaling

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3
Q

3 main types of lipids

A

phospholipids, triglycerides, steroids and waxes

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4
Q

Fatty acid definition

A

Long carbon chains with a carboxyl group (COOH) at the beginning, and methyl group (CH3) at the end.

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5
Q

Saturated fatty acids formula

A

CH3CH2(n)COOH

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6
Q

Alpha carbon

A
  • carbon connected to the carboxyl group
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7
Q

Beta carbon

A
  • carbon connected to the alpha carbon
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8
Q

Omega carbon

A
  • the last carbon connected to H3 part of the CH3 methyl.
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9
Q

how many carbons in Short chain fatty acids?

A

fewer than 6 carbons

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10
Q

how many carbons in Medium chain fatty acids-

A

6-12 carbons

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11
Q

how many carbons in Long chain fatty acids

A
  • 13-21 carbons
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12
Q

how many carbons in Very long fatty acids-

A

more than 21 carbons

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13
Q

how many carbons in Palmitic acid

A

16

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14
Q

how many carbons in stearic acid

A

18

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15
Q

how many carbons in Arachidic acid

A

20

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16
Q

Saturated- fatty acid definition

A

fatty acid that includes the maximum amount of hydrogens- each carbon has only single bonds. Example: palmitic acid, stearic acid, arachidic acid.

17
Q

Unsaturated fatty acid definition

A

does not include the maximum amount of hydrogen, includes at least one double bond.

18
Q

atherosclerosis

A

hardening of the blood vessels as a result of buildup

19
Q

what increases risk of myocardial infraction?

A

Saturated fatty acids tend to form solid structures that adhere to blood vessels. This can lead to atherosclerosis (hardening of the blood vessels as a result of buildup) and block the coronary arteries

20
Q

The number of carbons from the end of the chain until the first double bond is defined as

A

Omega ω

21
Q

Humans can only produce fatty acids with an omega….

A

higher than 7

22
Q

essential fatty acids

A

fatty acids with an omega lower than 7
must be obtained through diet.

23
Q

non essential. fatty acids

A

Fatty acids that can be synthesized by the human organism

24
Q

TAG (Triacyl Glycerol)

A

Glycerol molecule bonded to three fatty acid molecules by an ester bond (-o-). Found in the adipose tissue- it is what people refer to as fat.
Formed by a condensation reaction - H2O removed.

25
Q

TAG (Triacyl Glycerol) uses what bond to bind Glycerol to three fatty acid molecules?

A

ester bond

26
Q

TAG (Triacyl Glycerol) Functions

A
  1. Energy storage - adipose tissue is a natural fat providing energy up to 6 to 10 weeks of starvation.
  2. Temperature regulation - adipose tissue insulates the body.
  3. Protection - adipose tissue cushions the internal organs.
27
Q

Phospholipids:

A

A class of lipids composed of glycerol connected with two fatty acids, and a phosphate group connected to an additional organic molecule, forming the head.

28
Q

the head of a Phospholipid is

A

polar and therefore hydrophilic

29
Q

The tail of a Phospholipid is

A

nonpolar and therefore hydrophobic.

30
Q

The organic molecule connected to the phosphate in a phospholipid group can be

A

choline, , serine or ethanolamine

31
Q

amphipathic molecule-

A

one side is hydrophobic and the other hydrophilic.

32
Q

phospholipid Functions

A
  1. Compose cellular membranes and organelles
  2. Store fatty acids
  3. Compose part of lipoproteins- LDL, HDL, VLDL, Chylomicrons
  4. The surfactant of the lungs is composed of phospholipids
33
Q

Cholesterol

A

A molecule composed of a chain of rigid sterol rings.
It does not dissolve in the blood, therefore it travels connected to carrier lipoproteins;

34
Q

LDL

A

Low Density Lipoproteins
transport cholesterol from the liver to body tissues
“bad cholesterol”

35
Q

HDL

A

High Density Lipoproteins
collect cholesterol from the body tissues
and transports it back it back to the liver
“good cholesterol”

36
Q

Cholesterol Functions

A
  1. Serves as a precursor to steroid hormones
  2. Used In the formation of the cell membrane- accounts for its fluidity and rigidity
  3. Precursor of bile (מיץ מרה)
  4. Precursor of vitamin D
  5. Part of a fatty layer on neurons called the myelin sheet
37
Q

hypercholesterolemia

A

High levels of cholesterol in the blood

38
Q

forms of lipoproteins related to cholesterol in the blood

A

Very low density lipoprotein-VLDL
Intermediate density lipoprotein- IDL
High density lipoprotein- HDL
Low density lipoprotein- LDL

Biology (9 decks)

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