The Cell Flashcards
The smallest living unit of matter that provides the basic template for activity
<p>A Cell</p>
<p>A water based, colloidal substance that suspends organelles.</p>
<p>The Cytoplasm</p>
<p>The soluble, fluid portion of the cytoplasm</p>
<p>Cytosol</p>
<p>The power house of a cell, involved in energy production.</p>
<p>Mitochondrion</p>
<p>How does the mitochondrion produced energy?</p>
<p>Aerobic Cellular Respiration</p>
<p>How many membranes does the mitochondrion have? Name them</p>
<p>Inner and Outer Membrane</p>
<p>What are the folds of the inner membrane called?</p>
<p>Cristae</p>
<p>Organelle involved in RNA and protein synthesis
Those suspended in the cytosol..
Those bound to the ER
</p>
<p>Ribosomes
Free Ribosomes
Bound Ribosomes
</p>
The subunit of ribosomes involved in peptide bond formation
The subunit of ribosomes that together with large ribosomes will bind mRNA and tRNA</p>
Large Ribosomes
Small Ribosomes
The organelle that is continuous from the nuclear membrane. Is a single membrane
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Type of ER with ribosomes attached, its cells secrete a product. Involved in anterior pituitary gland
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Type of ER with no ribosomes attached. Its embedded in enzymes involved in lipid metabolism
Ex) Cholesterol and steroid hormone synthesis; drug detox. Liver
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
What to the folds of the ER form?
Cisternae
Smooth ER found in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells. Conducts Action Potentials
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
An organelle of flattened membrane sacs, It functions to modify proteins in secretory cells
Golgi Apparatus
Structure of golgi apparatus that goes from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the golgi apparatus
Cis face
Transport vesicles
Structure of the golgi apparatus that goes from the golgi to the membrane.
Trans Face
Secretory Vesicles
An organelle involved in cell digestion of old organelles, endocytosed particles, and is also involved in thyroid hormone release
Lysosome
Part of lysosomes that are acid hydrolases with a low pH; the membrane contains proton pump which concentrates H+
Enzymes
Fuction of lysosomes of self cell destruction, often seen in embryology, menstruation, and arthritis
Autolysis
An organelle that is a multienzyme complex that is NOT membrane bound.
Has two capped ends and a central digestive tunnel
Proteasome
Organelle involved in detoxification, lipid breakdown and bile synthesis, and replication
Peroxisome
Peroxisomes contains these enzymes which are abundant in the liver and kidney
Oxidase Enzymes
Peroxisomes also break these down
Free Radicals
Organelles that are hollow tubules of the protein tubulin.
They grow and disassemble
Microtubules
Mictrobules arise from a central region near the nucles called the microtubule organizing center, or
Centrosome
2 hollow cylinders made of 9 triplets of microtubules in the centrosome, is the anchoring point for microtubules and it organizes the mitotic spindle
Centriole
Two other functions of microtubules apart from centrosomes
Support and Move Organelles
Form Cilia and Flagella
Cellular extensions formed by microtubules that propel a substance along the cell
Clia and Flagella
Thin strands of actin; they interact with unconventional myosin for cell motility
Microfilaments
High tensile strength proteins that are stable and permanent
Intermediate filaments
Stored chemical substances within the cell. They are variable, and depend upon the type of cell and its function
Inclusions
The organelle that controls the cell
Nucleus
A double membrane in the nucleus, the outer membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum
Nuclear Envelope
The part of the nuclei that does dark staining and rRNA synthesis
Nucleoli
DNA + histone proteins
Chromatin
8 histone proteins + DNA =
Nucleosomes
Proteins responsible for the regulation and organization of chromatin
Histones
An old genetic term used to desrcribe chromatin when its condensed
Chromosome
DNA and histones that are not condensed, thin and threadlike, exists when the cell is not dividing
Chromatin
One of two spiral filaments of condensed chromatin joined at a centromere which make up a chromosome; exists after DNA replication
One copy of a duplicated chromosome
Chromatid
This inorganic compound can absorb or lose heat, is polar, and is important in hydration and synthesis rxns
Water
Ionic compounds with cations other than H++ and anions other than OH-
Salts
Salts, or ions, that conduct current
Electrolytes
Negative charged electrolyte
Positively charged electrolyte
Anion
Cation
The proton (H+) donor of acid base rxns
The proton (H+) receptor of acid base rxns
Acids
Bases
In water, do strong acids or weak acids completely dissociate?
Strong Acids
Weak acids and bases that prevent large pH shifts in order to maintain normal life function
Buffers
Ribose, Glucose, and frutose are what type of organic compound?
Monosaccharide (Carb)
glucose + fructose = ?
What type of organic compound is this
Sucrose
Disaccharide
What is the molecular ratio of carbohydrates?
C1:H2:O1
Starch, cellulose, and glycogen are what type of molecules?
Polysaccharides (three or more sugars)
What is the fxn of carbohydrates?
Fuel!
CHO molecule with much lower proportion of O than carbohydrates
Also some P
Lipids
Neutral fats are called
triglycerides
What is a glycerol molecule?
3 Carbons
Fats with no C=C bonds
saturated
Fats with at least one C=C bond
unsaturated
Fats with one fatty acid chain replaced by a phosphate group
Phospholipid
Molecules that are flat with 4 hydrocarbon rings
Steroids
Steroid that makes up membranes, bile salts, vitamin D, and steroid hormones
Cholesterol
Organic molecules made of CHO and N
Proteins
The building blocks of proteins, there are 20 of them. Its an amine group (NH2) and an organic acid side chain
Amino Acids
Type of structure where the amino end of one amino acid joints with the acid end of a second amino acid to form a peptide bond
Primary Structure
Type of structure with an alpha helix or beta sheet.
A folding of protein due to amino acid chain arrangement
Secondary Structure
Type of structure where a helix or sheet folds over itself
Tertiary Structure
Te of structure that is an aggregation of 2 or more polypeptide chains
ex) Hemoglobin
Quaternary Structure
strandlike, proteins like collagen, elastin that are structural and important in tensile strength
fibrous proteins
What type of proteins are enzymes usually?
Globular Proteins
The destruction of structure of the protein. Nonfunctional. Heat, acid.
ex: minnesota vikings player
Denaturation
an enzyme that is a small molecule that is necessary for an enzyme to function properly
Cofactor
A large organic cofactor, like a vitamin
Coenzymes
The mechanism of enzyme activity of energy needed to bring 2 molecules into reaction
Activation Energy
The mechanism of enzyme activity of binding to an enzyme or reactants
Substrate
Where reactant bind an enzyme
Active site
These are heat shock proteins that assist protein folding during synthesis, translocate a protein across cell membranes , and promote breakdown of damaged or denatured proteins
Molecular Chaperones
Type of organic molecule with the elements CHONP
Structural units called nucleotides: sugar, nitrogen base, and a phosphate group. Form DNA and RNA
Nucleic acids
Name the sugars of nucleic acids
Ribose or deoxyribose
Name the possible nitrogen bases of nucleic acids
adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil
What are the complementary bases of DNA?
A:T
C:G
Is RNA located inside or outside the nucleus?
Is it double or single stranded?
Outside
Single
Is RNA easily broken down?
Yes
Name the 4 fxns of RNA
Protein synthesis
messenger (mRNA)
ribosome (rRNA)
Amino acid carrier (tRNA)
What sugar makes up RNA
What are the complementary bases?
ribose
A:U C:G
A nucleotide with 2 additional phosphate groups, is the main energy currency for the body
Adenosine Triphosphate
