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KN 251 Final Review > The Cell > Flashcards

The Cell Flashcards

1
Q

The smallest living unit of matter that provides the basic template for activity

A

<p>A Cell</p>

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2
Q

<p>A water based, colloidal substance that suspends organelles.</p>

A

<p>The Cytoplasm</p>

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3
Q

<p>The soluble, fluid portion of the cytoplasm</p>

A

<p>Cytosol</p>

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4
Q

<p>The power house of a cell, involved in energy production.</p>

A

<p>Mitochondrion</p>

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5
Q

<p>How does the mitochondrion produced energy?</p>

A

<p>Aerobic Cellular Respiration</p>

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6
Q

<p>How many membranes does the mitochondrion have? Name them</p>

A

<p>Inner and Outer Membrane</p>

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7
Q

<p>What are the folds of the inner membrane called?</p>

A

<p>Cristae</p>

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8
Q

<p>Organelle involved in RNA and protein synthesis

Those suspended in the cytosol..

Those bound to the ER
</p>

A

<p>Ribosomes

Free Ribosomes

Bound Ribosomes
</p>

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9
Q

The subunit of ribosomes involved in peptide bond formation

The subunit of ribosomes that together with large ribosomes will bind mRNA and tRNA</p>

A

Large Ribosomes

Small Ribosomes

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10
Q

The organelle that is continuous from the nuclear membrane. Is a single membrane

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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11
Q

Type of ER with ribosomes attached, its cells secrete a product. Involved in anterior pituitary gland

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

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12
Q

Type of ER with no ribosomes attached. Its embedded in enzymes involved in lipid metabolism

Ex) Cholesterol and steroid hormone synthesis; drug detox. Liver

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

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13
Q

What to the folds of the ER form?

A

Cisternae

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14
Q

Smooth ER found in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells. Conducts Action Potentials

A

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

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15
Q

An organelle of flattened membrane sacs, It functions to modify proteins in secretory cells

A

Golgi Apparatus

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16
Q

Structure of golgi apparatus that goes from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the golgi apparatus

Cis face

A

Transport vesicles

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17
Q

Structure of the golgi apparatus that goes from the golgi to the membrane.

Trans Face

A

Secretory Vesicles

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18
Q

An organelle involved in cell digestion of old organelles, endocytosed particles, and is also involved in thyroid hormone release

A

Lysosome

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19
Q

Part of lysosomes that are acid hydrolases with a low pH; the membrane contains proton pump which concentrates H+

A

Enzymes

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20
Q

Fuction of lysosomes of self cell destruction, often seen in embryology, menstruation, and arthritis

A

Autolysis

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21
Q

An organelle that is a multienzyme complex that is NOT membrane bound.

Has two capped ends and a central digestive tunnel

A

Proteasome

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22
Q

Organelle involved in detoxification, lipid breakdown and bile synthesis, and replication

A

Peroxisome

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23
Q

Peroxisomes contains these enzymes which are abundant in the liver and kidney

A

Oxidase Enzymes

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24
Q

Peroxisomes also break these down

A

Free Radicals

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25
Organelles that are hollow tubules of the protein tubulin. They grow and disassemble
Microtubules
26
Mictrobules arise from a central region near the nucles called the microtubule organizing center, or
Centrosome
27
2 hollow cylinders made of 9 triplets of microtubules in the centrosome, is the anchoring point for microtubules and it organizes the mitotic spindle
Centriole
28
Two other functions of microtubules apart from centrosomes
Support and Move Organelles Form Cilia and Flagella
29
Cellular extensions formed by microtubules that propel a substance along the cell
Clia and Flagella
30
Thin strands of actin; they interact with unconventional myosin for cell motility
Microfilaments
31
High tensile strength proteins that are stable and permanent
Intermediate filaments
32
Stored chemical substances within the cell. They are variable, and depend upon the type of cell and its function
Inclusions
33
The organelle that controls the cell
Nucleus
34
A double membrane in the nucleus, the outer membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum
Nuclear Envelope
35
The part of the nuclei that does dark staining and rRNA synthesis
Nucleoli
36
DNA + histone proteins
Chromatin
37
8 histone proteins + DNA =
Nucleosomes
38
Proteins responsible for the regulation and organization of chromatin
Histones
39
An old genetic term used to desrcribe chromatin when its condensed
Chromosome
40
DNA and histones that are not condensed, thin and threadlike, exists when the cell is not dividing
Chromatin
41
One of two spiral filaments of condensed chromatin joined at a centromere which make up a chromosome; exists after DNA replication One copy of a duplicated chromosome
Chromatid
42
This inorganic compound can absorb or lose heat, is polar, and is important in hydration and synthesis rxns
Water
43
Ionic compounds with cations other than H++ and anions other than OH-
Salts
44
Salts, or ions, that conduct current
Electrolytes
45
Negative charged electrolyte Positively charged electrolyte
Anion Cation
46
The proton (H+) donor of acid base rxns The proton (H+) receptor of acid base rxns
Acids Bases
47
In water, do strong acids or weak acids completely dissociate?
Strong Acids
48
Weak acids and bases that prevent large pH shifts in order to maintain normal life function
Buffers
49
Ribose, Glucose, and frutose are what type of organic compound?
Monosaccharide (Carb)
50
glucose + fructose = ? What type of organic compound is this
Sucrose Disaccharide
51
What is the molecular ratio of carbohydrates?
C1:H2:O1
52
Starch, cellulose, and glycogen are what type of molecules?
Polysaccharides (three or more sugars)
53
What is the fxn of carbohydrates?
Fuel!
54
CHO molecule with much lower proportion of O than carbohydrates Also some P
Lipids
55
Neutral fats are called
triglycerides
56
What is a glycerol molecule?
3 Carbons
57
Fats with no C=C bonds
saturated
58
Fats with at least one C=C bond
unsaturated
59
Fats with one fatty acid chain replaced by a phosphate group
Phospholipid
60
Molecules that are flat with 4 hydrocarbon rings
Steroids
61
Steroid that makes up membranes, bile salts, vitamin D, and steroid hormones
Cholesterol
62
Organic molecules made of CHO and N
Proteins
63
The building blocks of proteins, there are 20 of them. Its an amine group (NH2) and an organic acid side chain
Amino Acids
64
Type of structure where the amino end of one amino acid joints with the acid end of a second amino acid to form a peptide bond
Primary Structure
65
Type of structure with an alpha helix or beta sheet. A folding of protein due to amino acid chain arrangement
Secondary Structure
66
Type of structure where a helix or sheet folds over itself
Tertiary Structure
67
Te of structure that is an aggregation of 2 or more polypeptide chains ex) Hemoglobin
Quaternary Structure
68
strandlike, proteins like collagen, elastin that are structural and important in tensile strength
fibrous proteins
69
What type of proteins are enzymes usually?
Globular Proteins
70
The destruction of structure of the protein. Nonfunctional. Heat, acid. ex: minnesota vikings player
Denaturation
71
an enzyme that is a small molecule that is necessary for an enzyme to function properly
Cofactor
72
A large organic cofactor, like a vitamin
Coenzymes
73
The mechanism of enzyme activity of energy needed to bring 2 molecules into reaction
Activation Energy
74
The mechanism of enzyme activity of binding to an enzyme or reactants
Substrate
75
Where reactant bind an enzyme
Active site
76
These are heat shock proteins that assist protein folding during synthesis, translocate a protein across cell membranes , and promote breakdown of damaged or denatured proteins
Molecular Chaperones
77
Type of organic molecule with the elements CHONP Structural units called nucleotides: sugar, nitrogen base, and a phosphate group. Form DNA and RNA
Nucleic acids
78
Name the sugars of nucleic acids
Ribose or deoxyribose
79
Name the possible nitrogen bases of nucleic acids
adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil
80
What are the complementary bases of DNA?
A:T C:G
81
Is RNA located inside or outside the nucleus? Is it double or single stranded?
Outside Single
82
Is RNA easily broken down?
Yes
83
Name the 4 fxns of RNA
Protein synthesis messenger (mRNA) ribosome (rRNA) Amino acid carrier (tRNA)
84
What sugar makes up RNA What are the complementary bases?
ribose A:U C:G
85
A nucleotide with 2 additional phosphate groups, is the main energy currency for the body
Adenosine Triphosphate

KN 251 Final Review (9 decks)

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