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KN 251 Final Review > The Cell > Flashcards

The Cell Flashcards

1
Q

The smallest living unit of matter that provides the basic template for activity

A

<p>A Cell</p>

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2
Q

<p>A water based, colloidal substance that suspends organelles.</p>

A

<p>The Cytoplasm</p>

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3
Q

<p>The soluble, fluid portion of the cytoplasm</p>

A

<p>Cytosol</p>

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4
Q

<p>The power house of a cell, involved in energy production.</p>

A

<p>Mitochondrion</p>

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5
Q

<p>How does the mitochondrion produced energy?</p>

A

<p>Aerobic Cellular Respiration</p>

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6
Q

<p>How many membranes does the mitochondrion have? Name them</p>

A

<p>Inner and Outer Membrane</p>

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7
Q

<p>What are the folds of the inner membrane called?</p>

A

<p>Cristae</p>

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8
Q

<p>Organelle involved in RNA and protein synthesis

Those suspended in the cytosol..

Those bound to the ER
</p>

A

<p>Ribosomes

Free Ribosomes

Bound Ribosomes
</p>

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9
Q

The subunit of ribosomes involved in peptide bond formation

The subunit of ribosomes that together with large ribosomes will bind mRNA and tRNA</p>

A

Large Ribosomes

Small Ribosomes

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10
Q

The organelle that is continuous from the nuclear membrane. Is a single membrane

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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11
Q

Type of ER with ribosomes attached, its cells secrete a product. Involved in anterior pituitary gland

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

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12
Q

Type of ER with no ribosomes attached. Its embedded in enzymes involved in lipid metabolism

Ex) Cholesterol and steroid hormone synthesis; drug detox. Liver

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

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13
Q

What to the folds of the ER form?

A

Cisternae

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14
Q

Smooth ER found in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells. Conducts Action Potentials

A

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

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15
Q

An organelle of flattened membrane sacs, It functions to modify proteins in secretory cells

A

Golgi Apparatus

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16
Q

Structure of golgi apparatus that goes from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the golgi apparatus

Cis face

A

Transport vesicles

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17
Q

Structure of the golgi apparatus that goes from the golgi to the membrane.

Trans Face

A

Secretory Vesicles

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18
Q

An organelle involved in cell digestion of old organelles, endocytosed particles, and is also involved in thyroid hormone release

A

Lysosome

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19
Q

Part of lysosomes that are acid hydrolases with a low pH; the membrane contains proton pump which concentrates H+

A

Enzymes

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20
Q

Fuction of lysosomes of self cell destruction, often seen in embryology, menstruation, and arthritis

A

Autolysis

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21
Q

An organelle that is a multienzyme complex that is NOT membrane bound.

Has two capped ends and a central digestive tunnel

A

Proteasome

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22
Q

Organelle involved in detoxification, lipid breakdown and bile synthesis, and replication

A

Peroxisome

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23
Q

Peroxisomes contains these enzymes which are abundant in the liver and kidney

A

Oxidase Enzymes

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24
Q

Peroxisomes also break these down

A

Free Radicals

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25
Q

Organelles that are hollow tubules of the protein tubulin.

They grow and disassemble

A

Microtubules

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26
Q

Mictrobules arise from a central region near the nucles called the microtubule organizing center, or

A

Centrosome

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27
Q

2 hollow cylinders made of 9 triplets of microtubules in the centrosome, is the anchoring point for microtubules and it organizes the mitotic spindle

A

Centriole

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28
Q

Two other functions of microtubules apart from centrosomes

A

Support and Move Organelles

Form Cilia and Flagella

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29
Q

Cellular extensions formed by microtubules that propel a substance along the cell

A

Clia and Flagella

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30
Q

Thin strands of actin; they interact with unconventional myosin for cell motility

A

Microfilaments

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31
Q

High tensile strength proteins that are stable and permanent

A

Intermediate filaments

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32
Q

Stored chemical substances within the cell. They are variable, and depend upon the type of cell and its function

A

Inclusions

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33
Q

The organelle that controls the cell

A

Nucleus

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34
Q

A double membrane in the nucleus, the outer membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum

A

Nuclear Envelope

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35
Q

The part of the nuclei that does dark staining and rRNA synthesis

A

Nucleoli

36
Q

DNA + histone proteins

A

Chromatin

37
Q

8 histone proteins + DNA =

A

Nucleosomes

38
Q

Proteins responsible for the regulation and organization of chromatin

A

Histones

39
Q

An old genetic term used to desrcribe chromatin when its condensed

A

Chromosome

40
Q

DNA and histones that are not condensed, thin and threadlike, exists when the cell is not dividing

A

Chromatin

41
Q

One of two spiral filaments of condensed chromatin joined at a centromere which make up a chromosome; exists after DNA replication

One copy of a duplicated chromosome

A

Chromatid

42
Q

This inorganic compound can absorb or lose heat, is polar, and is important in hydration and synthesis rxns

A

Water

43
Q

Ionic compounds with cations other than H++ and anions other than OH-

A

Salts

44
Q

Salts, or ions, that conduct current

A

Electrolytes

45
Q

Negative charged electrolyte

Positively charged electrolyte

A

Anion

Cation

46
Q

The proton (H+) donor of acid base rxns

The proton (H+) receptor of acid base rxns

A

Acids

Bases

47
Q

In water, do strong acids or weak acids completely dissociate?

A

Strong Acids

48
Q

Weak acids and bases that prevent large pH shifts in order to maintain normal life function

A

Buffers

49
Q

Ribose, Glucose, and frutose are what type of organic compound?

A

Monosaccharide (Carb)

50
Q

glucose + fructose = ?

What type of organic compound is this

A

Sucrose

Disaccharide

51
Q

What is the molecular ratio of carbohydrates?

A

C1:H2:O1

52
Q

Starch, cellulose, and glycogen are what type of molecules?

A

Polysaccharides (three or more sugars)

53
Q

What is the fxn of carbohydrates?

A

Fuel!

54
Q

CHO molecule with much lower proportion of O than carbohydrates

Also some P

A

Lipids

55
Q

Neutral fats are called

A

triglycerides

56
Q

What is a glycerol molecule?

A

3 Carbons

57
Q

Fats with no C=C bonds

A

saturated

58
Q

Fats with at least one C=C bond

A

unsaturated

59
Q

Fats with one fatty acid chain replaced by a phosphate group

A

Phospholipid

60
Q

Molecules that are flat with 4 hydrocarbon rings

A

Steroids

61
Q

Steroid that makes up membranes, bile salts, vitamin D, and steroid hormones

A

Cholesterol

62
Q

Organic molecules made of CHO and N

A

Proteins

63
Q

The building blocks of proteins, there are 20 of them. Its an amine group (NH2) and an organic acid side chain

A

Amino Acids

64
Q

Type of structure where the amino end of one amino acid joints with the acid end of a second amino acid to form a peptide bond

A

Primary Structure

65
Q

Type of structure with an alpha helix or beta sheet.

A folding of protein due to amino acid chain arrangement

A

Secondary Structure

66
Q

Type of structure where a helix or sheet folds over itself

A

Tertiary Structure

67
Q

Te of structure that is an aggregation of 2 or more polypeptide chains

ex) Hemoglobin

A

Quaternary Structure

68
Q

strandlike, proteins like collagen, elastin that are structural and important in tensile strength

A

fibrous proteins

69
Q

What type of proteins are enzymes usually?

A

Globular Proteins

70
Q

The destruction of structure of the protein. Nonfunctional. Heat, acid.

ex: minnesota vikings player

A

Denaturation

71
Q

an enzyme that is a small molecule that is necessary for an enzyme to function properly

A

Cofactor

72
Q

A large organic cofactor, like a vitamin

A

Coenzymes

73
Q

The mechanism of enzyme activity of energy needed to bring 2 molecules into reaction

A

Activation Energy

74
Q

The mechanism of enzyme activity of binding to an enzyme or reactants

A

Substrate

75
Q

Where reactant bind an enzyme

A

Active site

76
Q

These are heat shock proteins that assist protein folding during synthesis, translocate a protein across cell membranes , and promote breakdown of damaged or denatured proteins

A

Molecular Chaperones

77
Q

Type of organic molecule with the elements CHONP

Structural units called nucleotides: sugar, nitrogen base, and a phosphate group. Form DNA and RNA

A

Nucleic acids

78
Q

Name the sugars of nucleic acids

A

Ribose or deoxyribose

79
Q

Name the possible nitrogen bases of nucleic acids

A

adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil

80
Q

What are the complementary bases of DNA?

A

A:T
C:G

81
Q

Is RNA located inside or outside the nucleus?

Is it double or single stranded?

A

Outside

Single

82
Q

Is RNA easily broken down?

A

Yes

83
Q

Name the 4 fxns of RNA

A

Protein synthesis
messenger (mRNA)
ribosome (rRNA)
Amino acid carrier (tRNA)

84
Q

What sugar makes up RNA

What are the complementary bases?

A

ribose

A:U C:G

85
Q

A nucleotide with 2 additional phosphate groups, is the main energy currency for the body

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

KN 251 Final Review (9 decks)

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