Physiology of Bones

Question 1

Smooth, continuous solid bone

Bone with narrow irregular bars

Answer 1

Compact

Spongy

Question 2

Bone with a diaphysis and epiphysis

Answer 2

Long Bone

Question 3

The shaft of long bone, is compact bone and has a medullary cavity

Answer 3

Diaphysis

Question 4

The bulbous end of long bones, compact bone surrounds

Answer 4

Epiphysis

Question 5

The two components of the ephiphysis

Answer 5

Articular Cartilage

Epiphyseal Line

Question 6

Articular cartilage of the epiphsys is made of

The old growth plate of the ephiphysis is the

Answer 6

Hyaline Cartilage

Ephiphyseal Line

Question 7

The membrane of bone that is the outside covering, it contains osteogenic cells

Answer 7

Periosteum

Question 8

The membrane of bone that is the inside lining of medullary cavity and spongy bone, it also contains osteogenic cells

Answer 8

Endosteum

Question 9

In flat bones, the spongy bone is called

Answer 9

Diploe

Question 10

Areas where blood formation occurs in bone. In adults this is generally within the trabecular
cavities of select long bones and diploë of flat bones

Answer 10

Red Marrow

Question 11

In infants, the medullary cavity also contains red
marrow, but by the time adulthood is reached, this
area turns to fat and is referred to as

Answer 11

Yellow Marrow

Question 12

The structural unit of compact bone that is a cylinder of bone

Answer 12

Osteon

Question 13

The concentric layers of compact bone that form an osteon

Answer 13

Lamellae

Question 14

The central canal of the osteon in compact bone

Answer 14

Haversian Canal

Question 15

The transverse canals of osteon in compact bone

Answer 15

Volkmann Canal

Question 16

A mature bone cell

Answer 16

Osteocyte

Question 17

Cavities in compact bone that contain contain osteocytes

Answer 17

Lacunae

Question 18

These connect lacunae and Haversion canals

Answer 18

Canaliculi

Question 19

The lamellae is between osteons

Answer 19

Interstitiala lamellae

Question 20

This lamellae encircles the whole bone

Answer 20

Circumferential Lamellae

Question 21

spongy bone is arranged in a latticle work aligned along lines of stress

Answer 21

Trabeculae

Question 22

The stem cells of bone

Answer 22

Osteogenic

Question 23

The bone forming cells

Answer 23

Osteoblasts

Question 24

The mature bone cells

Answer 24

Osteocyte

Question 25

The bone destroying cells

Answer 25

Osteoclasts

Question 26

What is the ground substance of bone?

Answer 26

Osteoid

Question 27

Part of the ground substance of bone, is a large protein and a carbohydrate

Answer 27

Proteoglycans

Question 28

Part of the ground substance of bone, is a smaller protein and carbohydrate

Answer 28

Glycoproteins

Question 29

Part of the ground substance of bone, is the calcium phosphates

Answer 29

Hydroxyapatites

Question 30

the fibers of bone, have low water content compared to cartilage

Answer 30

collagen, helical protein

Question 31

What is the precursor to intramembranous ossification? It is an embryonic connective tissue

Answer 31

Mesenchyme

Question 32

Name the 4 phases of intramembranous ossification

Answer 32

Initial ossification center Secretion and Calcification of osteoid Formation of woven bone Lamellar bone replaces woven bone

Question 33

What type of bone does intramembranous ossification develop?

Answer 33

Flat bone

Question 34

What type of bone does endochondral ossification develop?

Answer 34

Long Bones

Question 35

What is the precursor tissue for endochondral ossification (long bone)?

Answer 35

Cartilage

Question 36

Name the 5 steps of endochondral ossification

Answer 36

Osteoblasts form bone collar around cartilage Central cartilage calcifies, cavities develop Periosteal bud invades to bring osteoclasts The diaphysis elongates, the medullary cavity forms, secondary ossification begins at epiphyseal regions Epiphyseas ossify leaving cartilage in epiphyseal plate and at articular surfaces

Question 37

This invades in endochondral ossification to bring osteoclasts

Answer 37

Periosteal Bud

Question 38

Where does cartilage growth occur in long bone, which is eventually replaced by bone?

Answer 38

Epiphyseal Plate and the end of the epiphysis

Question 39

Osteoblasts multiply and secrete matrix on which side of the epiphyseal plate in long bone growth? What do the osteoblasts become? What do osteoclasts do?

Answer 39

The shaft side Osteocytes and osteoclasts Carve out medullary cavity

Question 40

When long bone growth is finished, what does the epiphyseal plate become?

Answer 40

The epiphyseal line

Question 41

What lays down bone in appositional bone growth?

Answer 41

Periosteal osteoblasts

Question 42

The growth hormone for bone growth is released from where? What does it cause the liver to release

Answer 42

Anterior Pituitary Somatomedins

Question 43

This hormone works with the growth hormone for bone

Answer 43

Thyroid Hormone

Question 44

These steroids stimulate epiphyseal plate closure

Answer 44

Androgenic and estrogenic Steroids

Question 45

How much turnover does bone remodeling produce per week?

Answer 45

5-7%

Question 46

Groups of osteoblasts and osteoclasts called _________ continuously synthesize and remove bone

Answer 46

Remodeling Units

Question 47

Areas of new bone deposit in remondeling are called

Answer 47

Osteoid Seam

Question 48

Osteoclasts remove dead _____ in remodeling which releases them into the blood stream

Answer 48

Osteocytes

Question 49

This hormone increases osteoclast activity and is released whenn blood Calcium level is low

Answer 49

Parathyroid Hormone

Question 50

This hormone inhibits osteclasts in remodeling

Answer 50

Calcitonin

Question 51

bone grows and remodels in response | to mechanical demand. Muscle pull and load.

Answer 51

Wolff's Law