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Cardiovascular System > The Cardiac Cycle > Flashcards

The Cardiac Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

Outline the name of the five steps of the cardiac cycle.

A
  1. Late diastole
  2. Atrial systole
  3. Isovolumic ventricular contraction
  4. Ventricular ejection
  5. Isovolumic ventricular relaxation
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2
Q

In which of the five steps is atrial systole?

A

2

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3
Q

In which of the five steps is ventricular systole?

A

3 + 4

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4
Q

Name and describe what is happening in Step 1.

A

Late diastole

Both sets of chambers are relaxed and ventricles fill passively.

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5
Q

Name and describe what is happening in Step 2.

A

Atrial systole

Atrial contraction forces a small amount of additional blood into ventricles.

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6
Q

Name and describe what is happening in Step 3.

A

Isovolumic ventricular contraction

First phase of ventricular contraction pushes AV valves closed but does not create enough pressure to open SL valves.

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7
Q

Name and describe what is happening in Step 4.

A

Ventricular ejection

As ventricular pressure rises and exceeds pressure in the arteries, SL valves are forced open and blood ejects.

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8
Q

Name and describe what is happening in Step 5.

A

Isovolumic ventricular relaxation

As ventricles relax, pressure in ventricles falls, blood flows back into the cusps of the SL valves and forces them shut.

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9
Q

Why do steps 3 and 5 have the term isovolumetric?

A

Because both the AV and SL valves are closed therefore no blood can enter or leave the ventricles, only the pressure can change which then forces the valves open.

iso = same
isovolumetric = 'same volume'
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10
Q

Dystole can be referred to as the _______ phase of ventricular _________.

A

filling

relaxation

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11
Q

Systole can be referred to as the ________ phase of ventricular ___________.

A

ejection

contraction

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12
Q

Why does the pressure in the ventricles begin to fall during the ejection phase?

A

Ca begins being taken up by the SR or being pumped out the cell.

crossbridges will fall, pressure will fall eventually to below arterial pressure.

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13
Q

What is the diastolic pressure?

A

The minimum arterial pressure at the end if the diastole phase.

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14
Q

What is the systolic pressure?

A

The maximum arterial pressure during the ejection/contraction phase (systole).

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15
Q

What is the dicrotic notch?

A

The dicrotic notch is a small and brief increase in arterial blood pressure that appears when the aortic valve closes.

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16
Q

What is the normal arterial pressure (BP) value?

A

120/80

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17
Q

How do you calculate the pulse pressure?

A

systolic pressure - diastolic pressure

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18
Q

What is the normal value for the mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

A

90-95 mmHg

Roughly equal to diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure

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19
Q

What is the mean arterial pressure?

A

The force pushing the blood through the systemic circulation.

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20
Q

The atrium always has a ____ side pressure.

A

low

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21
Q

The aorta always has a _____ side pressure.

A

high

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22
Q

The ventricular pressure _______ during systole and is ______ during diastole.

A

rises

low

23
Q

What is the significance of the A wave for the atrium?

A

Atrial contraction

This increases atrial pressure for a short period.

24
Q

What is the significance of the C wave for the atrium?

A

Ventricular contraction, mitral valve pushes back slightly increasing pressure in the atrium.

25
Q

What is the significance of the V wave for the atrium?

A

Blood returning to the atrium from the lungs increases pressure, as mitral valve is closed during systole.

26
Q

What does EDV stand for?

What is this?

A

End diastolic volume

The peak volume of blood which has entered at the end of diastole.

27
Q

What does ESV stand for?

What is this?

A

End systolic volume

minimum volume at end of systolic phase.

28
Q

How do you calculate stroke volume (SV)?

A

SV = EDV - ESV

29
Q

How do you calculate the ejection fraction?

How much blood will a healthy heart pump out at the end of diastole?

A

SV/EDV

about 2/3rds, an unhealthy heart would be less.

30
Q

When during systole does the greatest volume of blood eject into the aorta?

A

The first 1/3, rapid ejection phase

31
Q

When during diastole does the greatest volume of blood enter the ventricles?

A

The first 1/3, rapid filling phase

32
Q

What is the active filling phase during diastole?

A

When the atria contracts, increasing its pressure, forcing additional volume of blood into the ventricles.

33
Q

How would you describe the work of the atrium during diastole?

A

Its is mostly inactive in filling the ventricles, as this is a passive process.

It only really makes a difference when it contracts during the active filling phase.

34
Q

Where on the pressure-volume loop would you read the end diastolic volume (EDV) from?

A

right vertical side (B-C)

35
Q

Where on the pressure-volume loop would you read the end systolic volume (ESV) from?

A

left vertical side (A-D)

36
Q

Where on the pressure-volume loop would you read the diastolic pressure from?

A

top right (C)

37
Q

Where on the pressure-volume loop would you read the systolic pressure from?

A

peak of the curve, most superior

38
Q

Where on the pressure-volume loop does the mitral valve open?

A

A

39
Q

Where on the pressure-volume loop does the aortic valve open?

A

C

40
Q

Where on the pressure-volume loop does the mitral valve close?

A

B

41
Q

Where on the pressure-volume loop does the aortic valve close?

A

D

42
Q

Where does the first sound on the phonocardiogram come from?

A

The tricuspid and mitral valves closing

43
Q

Where does the second sound on the phonocardiogram come from?

A

The pulmonary and aortic valves closing

44
Q

The time between the first two sounds represents _______.

A

systole

45
Q

A systolic murmur would be heard with ________ of the A and P valves.

A

stenosis

46
Q

A diastolic murmur would be heard with ________ of the A and P valves.

A

insufficiency

47
Q

A systolic murmur would be heard with ________ of the T and M valves.

A

insufficiency

48
Q

A diastolic murmur would be heard with ________ of the T and M valves.

A

stenosis

49
Q

A septal defect would result in which type of sound?

A

one, continuous

50
Q

What is used instead of stoke volume to assess the healthiness of someone’s heart?

A

The ejection fraction (stoke volume/ end diastolic volume).

51
Q

Is stroke volume clinically relevant?

A

No, as it depends purely on the size of the person.

52
Q

What can cause a systolic murmur?

A

stenosis of aortic/pulmonary valves or

regurgitation through mitral/tricuspid

53
Q

What causes a diastolic murmur?

A

stenosis of mitral/ tricuspid valves
or
regurgitation through aortic/pulmonary valves

54
Q

What causes a diastolic and systolic murmur?

A

septal defect

or calcification of valves causing stenosis and regurgitation

Cardiovascular System (37 decks)

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