Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cardiovascular System > Stroke - Presentation & Investigation > Flashcards

Stroke - Presentation & Investigation Flashcards

1
Q

What is a stroke?

3

A

Neurological deficit (‘loss of function’) of sudden onset, lasting more than 24 hours, of vascular origin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a stroke also known as?

2

A

Transient ischaemic attack (TIA)

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the symptoms of a stroke?

5

A 
loss of power
loss of sensation
loss of speech (dysphasia)
loss of vision
loss of coordination
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is dysarthria?

A

slurred/slow speech

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is dysphasia?

A

loss of speech

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the findings on taking a neurological history/examination of a stroke patient?

A
  • loss of motor function
  • loss of sensory function
  • impaired speech
  • loss of spatial awareness
  • loss of vision
  • ataxia
  • vertigo
  • nystagmia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Outline the two main types of stroke?

A
  • haemorrhage

- thromboembolus/embolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

If a stroke patient has headache, vomiting, neck stiffness or photophobia what does this suggest?

A

haemorrhage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is nystagmia?

A

condition in which the eyes make repetitive and uncontrolled movements, sign of stroke.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is ataxia?

A

neurological sign consisting of lack of voluntary coordination of muscle movements, sign of stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is gaze palsy?

A

an inability to move both eyes in a single direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How would a haemorrhage appear on a head CT?

A

areas of white (haemorrhaged blood)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How would an ischaemic stroke appear on a head CT?

A

areas of dark (water), squashed midline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is penumbra?

A

tissue that is alive but not perfused. It is at risk of infarction but can be saved if reperfused

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the three circulations within the brain?

A

anterior circulation
posterior circulation
circle of Willis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The carotid system supplies most of the ______ and _______________.

A

hemispheres

cortical deep white matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The vertebro-basilar system supplies the ___________, _________ and _____________.

A

brain stem
cerebellum
occipital lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the Broca’s area of the brain responsible for?

A

speech

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the frontal lobe responsible for?

4

A

judgement
foresight
voluntary movement
smell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the motor cortex of the brain responsible for?

A

movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the sensory cortex of the brain responsible for?

A

heat, pain and other sensations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the parietal lobe responsible for ?

A

comprehension of language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the temporal lobe responsible for?

2

A

hearing

intellectual and emotional functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the occipital lobe responsible for?

A

vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the Wernicke’s area of the brain responsible for?

A

speech comprehension

26
Q

What is the cerebellum responsible for?

A

coordination

27
Q

What is the brainstem responsible for?

5

A 
swallowing
breathing
heart beat
wakefullness centre
other involuntary functions
28
Q

If a stroke is small and affects deep white matter, what will the result be?

A

It will result in a major deficit as the fibres are packed close together.

29
Q

Outline the causes of stroke.

4

A
  • Blockage of a vessel with thrombus/clot
  • Disease of vessel wall
  • Disturbance of normal properties of blood
  • Rupture of vessel wall
    (haemorrhage)
30
Q

What type are the majority of strokes?

A

ischaemic

31
Q

What are the causes of ischaemic stroke, specifically?

A
  • carotid stenosis
  • cardioembolic
  • small artery stroke
  • rare causes: arterial dissection, CVST
  • idiopathic
32
Q

What is the name given to a stroke due to small vessel occlusion?

A

lacunar stroke

33
Q

What is a cardioembolic stroke?

What is the main cause of them?

A
  • when the heart pumps unwanted materials into the brain circulation, resulting in the occlusion of a brain blood vessel and damage to the brain tissue.
  • atrial fibrillation
34
Q

What causes carotid stenosis?

Where in the carotid does this occur?

A

atherosclerosis

at the bifurcation

35
Q

What are two kinds of haemorrhagic stroke?

A
  • primary intracerebral haemorrhage

- secondary haemorrhage (subarachnoid or atriovenous malformation)

36
Q

What does the internal carotid artery supply?

A

brain

37
Q

What does the external carotid artery supply?

A

face

38
Q

What are the symptoms of stroke dependant of?

A

the artery or area of the brain affected

39
Q

What are the different areas of the brain that stroke can affect?

(4)

A
  • Left or right
  • Carotid/vertebrobasilar territory
  • Cerebral hemispheres or brainstem
  • Cortex or deep white matter
40
Q

What is the main problem caused by brain stem strokes?

A

inability to swallow

41
Q

Why is it important to localise stroke?

4

A
  • confirms the diagnosis of a stroke
  • allows better selection of imaging
  • gives an indication of cause
  • gives an indication of prognosis
42
Q

What is unilateral field loss?

A

loss of vision in one eye

43
Q

What is bitemporal hemianopia?

A

loss of vision from one half of each, the loss is in the opposite halves

44
Q

What is homonymous hemianopia?

A

loss of sight from one side in both eyes, the loss is from the same side in both eyes

45
Q

Homonymous hemianopia with right sided vision defect is indicative of what?

A

left cerebrovascular accident/event

46
Q

What is a total anterior circulation stroke (TACS) due to?

A

occlusion of proximal middle cerebral artery or internal carotid artery

47
Q

What are the symptoms/signs of TACS?

3

A
  • weakness/sensory deficit
  • homonymous hemianopia (loss of vision)
  • Higher cerebral dysfunction (e.g. dysphasia)
48
Q

What is partial anterior circulation stroke (PACS) caused by?

A

occlusion of branches of middle cerebral artery (more restricted cortical infarcts)

49
Q

What are the symptoms/signs of PACS?

A

2/3 of the TACS symptoms:

  • weakness/sensory deficit
  • homonymous hemianopia (loss of vision)
  • Higher cerebral dysfunction (e.g. dysphasia)
50
Q

What is occluded in a lacunar stroke (LACS)?

A

lacunar artery (smaller vessel)

51
Q

What can the symptoms associated with LACS differ?

3

A
  • pure motor
  • pure sensory
  • sensorimotor
52
Q

What are the pure motor symptoms of LACS?

A
  • Complete/incomplete weakness of one side.

- involving 2/3 body areas (face/arm/leg)

53
Q

What are the pure sensory symptoms of LACS?

A

same distribution as motor, but sensory

54
Q

Which areas does posterior circulation strokes (POCS) affect?

(3)

A

brainstem, cerebellar or occipital lobes.

55
Q

What are the symptoms/signs of POCS?

8

A
  • bilateral motor/sensory deficit
  • disordered conjugate eye movement
  • isolated homonymous hemianopia
  • coma
  • disordered breathing
  • tinnitus
  • vertigo
  • Horner’s
56
Q

Which classification of stroke has the best prognosis?

A

LACS

57
Q

Which classification of stroke has the poorest prognosis?

A

TACS

58
Q

Which classification of stroke has the highest recurrence rate?

A

PACS

59
Q

What are the modifiable risk factors associated with stroke?

A
  • high BP

- AF

60
Q

What are the non-modifiable risk factors associated with stroke?

A
  • age
  • gender
  • FH

Cardiovascular System (37 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions