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Cardiovascular System > Overview of the Function of the Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Overview of the Function of the Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the cardiovascular system?

A

It is a bulk flow system that transports: O2 and CO2, nutrients, metabolites, hormones, heat around the body.

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2
Q

How is the cardiovascular system flexible? 3 points

A

Pump can vary output Vessels can redirect blood (vasoconstriction) Vessels can store blood

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3
Q

Are pumps in the cardiovascular system in series or parallel and what does this mean?

A

Series, therefore output must be equal (left and right side of the heart).

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4
Q

Are vascular beds in series or parallel, and what does this mean? 2 points

A

Parallel, this means all tissues gets oxygenated blood and allows regional redirection of blood

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5
Q

What are examples of vascular beds that are in series? 2 point

A

Hypothalamus and anterior pituitary Gut and the liver

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6
Q

Why are the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland not in parallel?

A

So that hormones released by the hypothalamus are not diluted before the reach the anterior pituitary gland.

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7
Q

Why are the gut and liver capillary beds in series?

A

So that nutrients and products of digestion can be processed by the liver before they reach the rest of the body.

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8
Q

How should the percentage of cardiac output compare to the percentage of oxygen consumption?

A

They should be roughly the same.

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9
Q

What are examples of organs where the cardiac output and oxygen consumption are not in balance?

A

Kidneys (cardiac output > oxygen consumption) Skin (cardiac output > oxygen consumption) Heart (oxygen consumption > cardiac output)

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10
Q

Why do the kidneys receive a greater cardiac output than oxygen consumption?

A

Blood filtration

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11
Q

Why does the skin receive a greater cardiac output than oxygen consumption?

A

Thermoregulation, homeostatic mechanism

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12
Q

Why does the heart have a greater oxygen consumption than cardiac out?

A

Each time it contracts it cuts of its own blood supply.

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13
Q

How can blood be redirected during exercise?

A

Altering the resistance of different vessels.

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14
Q

What is the equation for flow in the CVS?

A

Flow = Pressure difference/resistance

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15
Q

What mechanism is used to alter flow?

A

The resistance of blood vessels, this is done by altering radius of vessels (vasoconstriction/vasodilation).

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16
Q

What is the pressure difference in the CVS?

A

Mean Arterial Pressure – Central Venous Pressure

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17
Q

How is flow proportional to the difference in pressure?

A

directly proportional

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18
Q

How is flow proportional to the resistance?

A

inversely proportional

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19
Q

What is the relationship between resistance and the radius of a vessel?

A

Inversely proportional to the radius to the power of 4.

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20
Q

Which vessels control the resistance of vascular beds?

A

arterioles

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21
Q

Outline the vessels of the systemic CVS starting at the left side of the heart to the right side.

A
  1. aorta 2. arteries 3. arterioles 4. capillaries 5. venules 6. veins 7. vena cava
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22
Q

What happens to mean arterial pressure during exercise and why?

A

Mean arterial pressure increases due to the heart pumping harder.

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23
Q

What does increasing the mean arterial pressure do to the pressure difference between vessels?

A

Increases it

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24
Q

How is blood redirected during exercise?

A

By changing the resistance of different vessels.

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25
Q

What are the 3 different kinds of arteries?

A

Elastic Muscular Resistance

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26
Q

What kind of artery is the aorta?

A

elastic

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27
Q

What kind of artery are arteries?

A

muscular

28
Q

What kind or artery are arterioles?

A

resistance

29
Q

What are the characteristics of elastic arteries? 3 points

A

Wide lumen Elastic wall Damp pressure variations

30
Q

What is the structure and function of arterioles? 4 points

A

narrow lumen thick contractile wall Allows control of resistance and therefore flow, this allows regional redirection of blood.

31
Q

What kind of vessels are capillaries?

A

exchange

32
Q

Describe the structure and function of capillaries? 3 points

A

narrow lumen thin, single celled endothelial wall Large surface area to volume ratio

33
Q

What are the capacitance vessels and why are they called this?

A

venules and veins So called as like a capacitor stores current the capacitance vessels store blood.

34
Q

What is the structure of the capacitance vessels? 4 points

A

wide lumen distensible wall low resistance conduit allows fractional distribution of blood between veins & rest of circulation (esp. heart).

35
Q

What does a vessels characteristics relate to?

A

its function

36
Q

What do thick walls allow?

A

Greater pressure to be contained

37
Q

What do elastic walls allow? 2 points

A

More energy can be absorbed to prevent BP going to high once the heart beats, and to release energy preventing it from going to low once the heart is relaxed.

38
Q

Why are the walls of capillaries 1 cell thick?

A

To allow diffusion to occur.

39
Q

What percentage of blood is in the veins and venules at any one time?

A

2/3

40
Q

Why does the aorta have an elastic wall? 2 points

A

To store energy during the contraction of the heart, and use it to pump blood while the heart is relaxing.

41
Q

What is the structure and function of he muscular arteries?

A

wide lumen strong non-elastic wall They act as the low resistance conduit to transport blood to the peripheries as easily a possible.

42
Q

What is the capacitance vessels function during exercise?

A

The blood stored in these vessels can be utilised during exercise.

43
Q

What is A?

What is its function?

A

Pulmonary vein

Transports oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.

44
Q

What is B?

A

Superior vena cava

45
Q

What is C?

A

Interatrial septum

46
Q

What is D?

A

Right atrium

47
Q

What is E?

A

Tricuspid valve (Right atrioventricular valve)

48
Q

What is F?

A

Inferior vena cava

49
Q

What is G?

A

Right ventricle

50
Q

What is H?

A

Pulmoary valve

&

Aortic valve

51
Q

What is I?

A

Interventricular septum

52
Q

What is J?

A

Mitral valve (left atrioventricular valve)

53
Q

What is K?

A

Left ventricle

54
Q

What is L?

A

Pulmonary trunk

55
Q

What is M?

A

Pulmonary vein (L)

56
Q

What is N?

A

Left atrium

57
Q

What is O?

A

Left pulmonary artery

58
Q

What is P?

A

Aorta

59
Q

What separates the two sides of the heart?

A

interventricular septum

60
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

The muscle tissue that makes up the wall of the heart.

61
Q

What is the name of the two inlet valves in the heart?

A

tricuspid valve

mitral valve

62
Q

Cord-like tendons that connect the mitral and tricuspid valves to the myocardium are called _________ ___________.

A

Chordae tendinae

63
Q

___________________ attach to chordae tendinae to maintain tension and prevent the valves from turning inside out once the heart contracts.

A

papillary muscles

64
Q

How many pumps are in the heart?

A

2

65
Q

Which wall of the heart is the thickest?

A

Left ventricle due to pumping blood to the whole body, whereas the right is just to the lungs.

66
Q

What do valves in the heart do?

A

Prevent backflow of blood

67
Q

What are the 2 kinds of valves?

A

AV valves

Semi-lunar valves

Cardiovascular System (37 decks)

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