Anatomy of the CVS 1 Flashcards
What structures/organs make up the cardiovascular system?
3 points
Heart
Blood vessels
Lymphatics
Name the blood vessels involved in the CVS.
arteries arterioles capillaries venules veins
Veins _____ and ______ blood ___ the heart.
collect
return
to
Arteries _______ blood _____ the heart.
distribute
from
Lymphatics _____ _______ extracellular fluid _____ tissue.
drain excess
from
The heart is located in the ________ mediastinum.
middle
The superior and inferior mediastinum connect at the ________ _________ at T____.
sternal angle
4
Name the two main circulations in the CVS?
Pulmonary
Systemic
What other circulatory systems are involved in the CVS other than the two main ones?
2 points
Hepatic portal circulation
Lymphatic system
How would you describe the circulation between the gut and liver?
in series
Name the great vessels of the heart.
superior/inferior vena cava
aorta
pulmonary trunk (arteries)
pulmonary veins (2L/2R)
The left atrium is also known as the ________.
base
Which heart chamber is the apex at?
left ventricle
The mediastinum is the area of thoracic cavity between the ________ ________.
pleural sacs
The heart lies between vertebrae T____ and T_____ in recumbent position.
T5
T8
The apex is located at the _____ intercostal space in the __________ line.
5th
midclavicular
Which heart chamber lies posterior most?
Which structure does it lie anterior too?
Left atrium (base)
Eosophagus
The heart attaches inferiorly with the ______.
central tendon of diaphragm
Which structures lies posterior to the heart?
3 points
oesophagus
T5-T8
descending aorta
Outline the layers of the heart, starting from innermost.
- endocardium
- myocardium
- epicardium
- pericardial cavity
- parietal layer of serous pericardium
- fibrous pericardium
Describe the endocardium layer, starting from innermost.
- epithelium
- basement membrane
- connective tissue
What is contained within the myocardium?
cardiac muscle
Describe the epicardium layer, starting from innermost.
- connective tissue
- BM
- epithelium
Describe the epithelial layer of the epicardium.
What is this layer also known as?
Simple squamous epithelium
Visceral layer of serous pericardium
Which layer of the heart wall forms heart valves?
Endocardium
What is the name given to cells which make up cardiac muscle?
myocytes
Intercalated discs are __________ structures containing ____________.
anchoring
gap junctions/desmosomes
Cardiac muscle cells are ________ striated, _____ing, ____________ cells, which connect by means of ____________ to form a functional network.
faintly
branching
mononucleated
intercalated discs
The AP travels through all cells connected together forming a __________ _________ in which cells __________ as a unit.
function syncytium function
In which layer are the main branches of coronary arteries?
epicardium
What other tissue type may be found around the coronary artery branches?
fat
Name the four chambers of the heart in the order that blood travels through.
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Which structures control the direction of blood flow?
heart valves
What are the names given to the thin structures derived from endocardium in heart valves?
cusps
________ _________ and ________ muscles prevent valve failure.
chordae tendineae
papillary
What is the clinical term for the narrowing of the heart valves?
stenosis
What is the clinical term for the widening of the heart valves?
incompetence
What is a common infection which can affect the heart valves?
bacterial endocarditis
Name the four heart valves in the order that blood would pass through them.
tricuspid valve
pulmonary valve
mitral valve
aortic valve
What is another name for the tricuspid and mitral valves?
right atrioventricular valve
left atrioventricular valve
What is another name for the mitral valve, relating to its cusps?
bicuspid valve
The aortic and pulmonary valves are the _________ valves, each having _____ cusps.
semilunar
3
What is clinical term given for the narrowing of the aortic valve?
aortic stenosis
Failure of the aortic valve to close tightly causes ________ of ______ into the ______.
back flow
blood
left ventricle
Outline the two main functions of the fibrous cardiac skeleton.
Structural support
Electrical insulation
The fibrous cardiac skeleton is composed of _______ _______ _______.
dense connective tissue
The fibrous cardiac skeleton lies in which plane?
between the atria and ventricles
In which ways does the fibrous cardiac skeleton provide structural support?
4 points
atrioventricular septum
roots for great vessels
anchorage for valves
myocytes network
In which ways does the fibrous cardiac skeleton provide electrical insulation?
2 points
Insulation between atria and ventricles.
Insulation between myocardium and great vessels.
At systole, which configuration is the aortic valve in?
What state are the aortic sinuses at this point?
open
shielded
At diastole, which configuration is the aortic valve in?
What state are the aortic sinuses at this point?
closed
open - blood enters coronary arteries
At diastole, myocardium ________ and blood ___________.
relaxes
flows into the capillaries
What does occlusion of the coronary arteries lead to?
myocardial infarction
What holds the heart in place?
It hangs by great vessels within fibrous pericardium.
It is also attached inferiorly to the central tendon of the diaphragm.
The ______ layer of the serous pericardium is bound to the heart. This is known as the _______.
visceral
epicardium
The ______ layer is on the most lateral and is bound to the _______ _________.
parietal
fibrous pericardium
