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Psych > The brain & the mind PART 1 > Flashcards

The brain & the mind PART 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the nervous system do?

A

aka body’s electrochemical communication network

  • Gathers & processes info
  • Produces responses to stimuli
  • Coordinates operations of different cells
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2
Q

What does the nervous system comprise of?

A

Central nervous system (CNS)
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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3
Q

What does the CNS consist of?

A

Brain
Spinal Cord

CNS: central processing unit

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4
Q

What does the brain do (CNS)?

A

Interprets & stores info & sends orders to muscles, glands, organs

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5
Q

What does the spinal cord do (CNS)?

A

Pathway connecting brain & PNS

Collection of neurons & supportive tissue that runs frm base of brain down the back -> protected by spinal column

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6
Q

What does the PNS consist of?

A

Autonomic Nervous system (ANS)
Somatic Nervous system (SNS)

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7
Q

What is the PNS?

A

Transmit info to & from CNS
Contains ALL portions of NS (except brain & spinal cord)

Incl. sensory & motor nerves that connect CNS to rest of body

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8
Q

What does the ANS do?

A
  • Controls functioning of internal organs, glands & bld vessels
  • Usually operates on its own but may be CONSCIOUSLY overriden
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9
Q

What is multiple sclerosis & what does it cause?

A

Autoimmune disease that causes immune system to attack myelin sheath that covers peripheral nerves

Destruction of peripheral nerves

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10
Q

What does the ANS comprise of?

A

Sympathetic NS (arousing)
Parasympathetic NS (calming)

Work tgt but in opposing ways

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11
Q

What does the sympathetic NS do?

A

Mobilise body resources & inc. output of energy during emotion & stress

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12
Q

What does the parasympathetic NS do?

A

Enables body to conserve & restore energy
Slows things down

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13
Q

What are some examples of the sympathetic NS working on organs?

A

Just fyi;

  • Dilate pupils
  • Inc. HR
  • Inhibits digestion (stomach & pancreas)
  • Stim. glucose release by liver
  • Stim. secretion of epinephrine/norepinephrine
  • Relaxes bladder
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14
Q

What are some examples of the parasympathetic NS working on organs?

A
  • Contracts pupils
  • Slows HR
  • Stimulates digestion
  • Stimulates gallbladder
  • Contracts bladder
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15
Q

What does the SNS control?

A

Body’s skeletal muscles
Voluntary processes

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16
Q

What does the SNS comprise of?

A

Sensory input - carry messages frm senses to CNS
Motor output - carry messages frm CNS to muscles & glands

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17
Q

What does the SNS include?

A

Nerves that are connected to sensory receptors & skeletal cells

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18
Q

look at slide 13 of lecture 2 (week 8) - the brain and the mind - part 1 for an overview of the nervous system

A

HAVE YOU LOOKED AT IT????????

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19
Q

What are the building blocks of the NS?

A

Neurons/nerves cells
Glia cells

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20
Q

What do neurons/nerve cells do?

A

Communicate - transmit info to, frm & within the CNS

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21
Q

What do glia cells do?

A

Hold neurons tgt
Nourish, insulate & protect neurons

Baasically - physical & metabolic support of NS

NO communication at all

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22
Q

What are the parts of a neuron?

A
  1. Dendrites
  2. Soma
  3. Axon
  4. Axon terminals
  5. Myelin sheath
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23
Q

What are dendrites?

A

Branch-like structures that receive info frm other neurons & transmit it to cell body

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24
Q

What is the soma?

A

Cell body –> keeps cell alive & determines whether it will fire (based on accumulated inputs frm dendrites)

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25
Q

What is the axon?

A

tube-like extension that transmits messages to other neurons, muscles, gland cells

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26
Q

What are the axon terminals?

A

terminal branches of an axon

basically, end of axon

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27
Q

What is the myelin sheath?

A

Fatty insulation surrounding the axon (outer covering)
Helps to speed the neural impulses

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28
Q

How many pairs of peripheral nerves are there in a human body?

A

43 pairs
12 pairs are in the head

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29
Q

What the ways that neurons communicate?

A
  1. Electrical process
  2. Chemical process
  3. Cleaning up process
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30
Q

What is the electrical process of communication (done by neurons)?

A

Communication within a neuron

Action potential –> neural impulse & brief electrical charge that travels down an axon (created by depolarising current)

Info pushed through axon based on +ve & -ve charges of ions

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31
Q

What is the chemical process of communication (done by neurons)?

A

Communication b/w neurons

Neurotransmitter –> chemical substance released by transmitting neuron at synapse –> alters activity of receiving neuron

(binds to receptor on surface of receiving neuron)

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32
Q

What is the cleaning up process (neuron communication)?

A

Reuptake

Reabsorb excess neurotransmitters by the sending neuron

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33
Q

What are the functions of dopamine (neurotransmitter)?

A

Influences movement, learning, attention, sensations of pleasure

Dopamine (DA)

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34
Q

What are the functions of serotonin (neurotransmitter)?

A

Affects mood, appetite, sleep, anxiety

Serotonin (5-HT)

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35
Q

What are the functions of Acetylcholine (neurotransmitter)?

A

Enables muscle action, learning, memory

Acetylcholine (ACh)

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36
Q

What are the functions of Norepinephrine (neurotransmitter)?

A

Helps control alertness & arousal

Norepinephrine (NE)

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37
Q

What are the functions of Gaba-amino butyric (neurotransmitter)?

A

Involved in sleep & inhibits movement

Gaba-amino butyric (GABA)

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38
Q

What are the functions of endorphins (neurotransmitter)?

A

Involved in pain relief

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39
Q

What are the malfunctions of dopamine (DA)?

  • Oversupply
  • Undersupply
A
  • Oversupply: schizophrenia
  • Undersupply: Parkinson’s dz, depression
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40
Q

What are the malfunctions of serotonin (5-HT)?

  • Undersupply
A
  • Undersupply: depression, sleep & eating disorders
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41
Q

What are the malfunctions of Acetylcholine (ACh)?

  • Oversupply
  • Undersupply
A
  • Oversupply: muscle contraction, convulsions
  • Undersupply: Alzheimer’s dz
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42
Q

What are the malfunctions of Norepinephrine (NE)?

  • Oversupply
  • Undersupply
A
  • Oversupply: stress & panic disorder
  • Undersupply: depression
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43
Q

What are the malfunctions of Gaba-amino butyric (GABA)?

  • Undersupply
A
  • Undersupply: seizures, tremors, insomnia
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44
Q

What are the malfunctions of Endorphins?

  • Oversupply
  • Undersupply
A
  • Oversupply: insensitivity to pain
  • Undersupply: pain hypersensitivity, immune problems
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45
Q

How does cocaine affect neurotransmitters?

A

Blocks reuptake of dopamine –> allows dopamine to stay active longer

Dopamine stays in the synaptic gap for longer & cont. to bind to receptors = enhanced dopamine neurotransmission

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46
Q

List 6 neurotransmitters

A
  1. Dopamine (DA)
  2. Serotonin (5-HT)
  3. Acetylcholine (ACh)
  4. Norepinephrine (NE)
  5. Gaba-amino butyric (GABA)
  6. Endorphins
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47
Q

What is the endocrine system (ES) known as?

A

2nd communication system interconnected with the NS

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48
Q

What are the 2nd class chemical messengers?

A

Hormones
secreted by endocrine glands

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49
Q

What is long distance messenging?

A

Hormones travel thru bldstream to organs & cells far from point of origin

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50
Q

Endocrine system vs Nervous system

A

Both produce chemicals that act on receptors elsewhere

NS occurs in fraction of a second
ES takes several seconds

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51
Q

List the endocrine glands (6 points)

A
  1. Pituitary gland
  2. Pineal gland
  3. Thyroid gland
  4. Pancreas
  5. Gonads
  6. Adrenal glands
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52
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located and what does it secrete?

A

Brain

Secretes human growth hormone

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53
Q

Where is the pineal gland located and what does it secrete?

A

base of cerebrum

Secretes melatonin (biological rhythms & sleep)

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54
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located and what does it secrete?

A

neck

Secretes thyroxin (growth & metabolism)

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55
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located and what does it secrete?

A

top of each kidney

Secretes over 30 hormones (corticoids/steroids) –> control stress reactions

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56
Q

Where is the gonads located and what does it secrete?

A

Ovaries & testes

regulate sexual behaviour & reproduction

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57
Q

Where is the pancreas located and what does it secrete?

A

under the liver

secretes insulin & glucagon

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58
Q

What does lesioning studies examine?

A

Examines brain areas that are damaged in animals & people

Electrical current destroys target neurons (using electrodes)

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59
Q

What is brain stimulation?

A

electrical stimulation to disrupt/enhance brain areas –> study changes in behaviour & cognition

Deep brain stimulation (DBS)
Transcranial magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

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60
Q

What does deep brain stimulation (DBS) do?

A

Stimulates brain from the inside (INVASIVE)

treatment for Parkinson’s dz, seizures, chronic pain

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61
Q

What does transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) do?

A

stimulates brain from the outside w magnetic impulses (NON-INVASIVE)

used for PTSD, depression

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62
Q

What can be used to map the structure of the brain?

A
  1. Computed tomography (CT): use Xray to map brain slices (tumours/stroke damage)
  2. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): use magnetic fields & radio receivers for detailed & 3D images
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63
Q

What can be used to map the function of the brain?

A
  1. Electroencephalogram (EEG)
  2. Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
  3. Functional MRI (fMRI)
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64
Q

What is an Electroencephalogram (EEG)?

A

amplified recording of waves of electrical activity sweeping across the brain’s surface

measured by electrodes placed on scalp

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65
Q

What is Positron Emission Tomography (PET)?

A

visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a task

radioactive form of glucose = tracer

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66
Q

What is Functional MRI (fMRI)?

A

tracking changes in the blood oxygen levels
inc. levels = inc. functioning

used to study activity linked w specific thoughts & behaviour

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67
Q

MRI vs fMRI

A

MRI: shows anatomy

fMRI: shows change in blood flow related to brain activity

Both use magnetic fields to create images

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68
Q

fMRI vs PET

A

fMRI:
- clearer image
- can be repeated many times bc no radiation exposure
- widely available
- affordable

PET:
- better signal-to-noise ratio (basically vv clear)

fMRI –> increasing use now compared to PET

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69
Q

The brain is divided into 3 parts:

A
  1. hindbrain - functions essential to maintain life
  2. midbrain - impt for sensory & motor functions
  3. forebrain - higher functioning (thinking, decision-making)
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70
Q

What does the hindbrain comprise of?

A

Medulla
Pons
Cerebellum

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71
Q

What does the medulla do?

A

controls heartbeat, breathing, digestion

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72
Q

What does the pons do?

A

influences sleep, waking, dreaming, motor control

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73
Q

What is the reticular formation in the hindbrain?

A

nerve network that runs from hindbrain through midbrain to forebrain

controls arousal & attention (consciousness)

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74
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

aka little brain

regulates movement & balance
involved in some cognitive functions (e..g receives messages frm muscle, tendons, structures, etc)

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75
Q

What does the forebrain comprise of?

A

Limbic system
Cerebrum

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76
Q

What is the limbic system for?

A

emotions, motivations, memory, learning

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77
Q

What is the cerebrum for?

A

largest brain structure

controls sensory, motor, cognitive processes

78
Q

What does the cerebrum comprise of?

A

cerebral hemispheres
cerebral cortex

79
Q

What does the limbic system comprise of (5 points)?

A
  1. Thalamus
  2. Hypothalamus
  3. Hippocampus
  4. Amygdala
  5. Cingulate cortex
80
Q

What does the thalamus do?

A

Brain’s sensory control centre
Receives info from all senses (EXCEPT SMELL)
Sends info to higher brain regions responsible for vision, hearing, touch & taste

81
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

Regulates survival needs (thirst, hunger, sleeping, body temp)
Regulates emotions (controls pituitary gland-hormones

82
Q

What does the hippocampus do?

A

forms long-term memories

If damaged/removed, no new memories can be formed

83
Q

What does the amygdala do?

A

Arousal & regulation of emotion
Initial response to sensory info (fear) –> if damaged/removed, no fear

84
Q

What does the cingulate cortex do?

A

limbic structure in cortex
Influences emotional & cognitive processing & motor responses

85
Q

Look at slide 34 of Lecture 2 (week 8) the brain and the mind - part 1

limbic system positions & overview

A

HAVE YOU LOOKED AT IT????

86
Q

What does the cerebral cortex comprise of?

A

frontal lobes
temporal lobes
parietal lobes
occipital lobes

87
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

outer layer of the cerebrum (gray matter)
covers the cerebral hemispheres

88
Q

Function of frontal lobes

A

complex decision making
planning
memory
personality
social judgement

89
Q

What are part of the frontal lobes?

A

motor cortex
Broca’s area (speech production)

90
Q

Function of temporal lobes

A

hearing –> primary auditory cortex & auditory association cortex
Wernicke’s area –> meaning of words

91
Q

Function of parietal lobes

A

receives sensory input for touch & body position (somatosensory cortex)

92
Q

Function of occipital lobes

A

receives visual information (primary visual cortex & visual association cortex)

93
Q

What are the 2 halves of the central hemispheres connected by?

A

corpus callosum

94
Q

how big is the cerebrum?

A

2/3 of the brain

95
Q

Look at slide 36 of Lecture 2 (week 8) the brain and the mind - part 1

subdivisions of the cortex positions

A

HAVE YOU LOOKED AT IT??????

96
Q

How do the 2 hemispheres of the cerebrum communicate?

A

via the corpus callosum

97
Q

How do the hemispheres control the body?

A

R hemisphere controls L side & vice cersa

In most mental activities, 2 sides cooperate

98
Q

What is lateralization (two hemispheres of cerebrum)?

A

Specialisation of each hemisphere in particular operations

99
Q

What are some specialisations of the left hemisphere?

A

Just read through

controls R hand
spoken language
written language
mathematical calculations
logical thought processes
analysis of detail
reading

100
Q

What are some specialisations of the right hemisphere?

A

Just read through

controls L hand
nonverbal
visual-spatial perception
music & artistic processing
emotional thought & recognition
processes the whole
pattern recognition
facial recognition

101
Q

What is plasticity?

A

Brain’s ability to adapt to new circumstances

102
Q

Gender differences in brain

A

Some anatomical & functional differences (brain scans)
Similarities > differences
Differences cld be attributed to behaviour & experiences instead

103
Q

What is consciousness?

A

it is generated by action potentials in communication among neurons –> produces specific perception, memory & experience in awareness

104
Q

What is dual processing?

A

information simultaneously processed on separate conscious & unconscious tracks

105
Q

What is parallel processing?

A

processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously

106
Q

What is selective attention?

A

focussing on a particular stimulus while simultaneously ignoring distractions & irrelevant info

e.g. noisy room; hear your name; can switch your focus to that stimulus & tune into that convo

107
Q

What is sleep?

A

Periodic loss of consciousness

Partial/total suspension of consciousness, voluntary muscle inhibition & relative insensitivity to stimulation

108
Q

What are biological rhythms?

A

Natural cycles of activity the body goes through

e.g. short bio rhythms: heartbeat; long bio rhythms: mentrual cycle

109
Q

What controls the circadian rhythm?

A

the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) in hypothalamus

110
Q

What is the sleep-wake cycle called?

A

circadian rhythm

111
Q

Function of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

A

Regulates levels of:
- melatonin (pineal gland)
- serotonin

Acts as a biological clock –> responds to light & dark changes

112
Q

What is melatonin?

A

hormone!
Inc when dark
dec when light

113
Q

What is serotonin?

A

neurotransmitter!
inc when awake
dec when asleep

114
Q

What are the 2 sleep periods?

A

Rapid eye movement (REM): relatively active
Non-REM/N: deeper & restful state

~90 min cycles

115
Q

What are the sleep stages?

A

N1: light sleep; drift in & out consciousness (>10 min); slowing HR & breathing
N2: dec body temp & HR, shallow breathing, minor noises won’t wake
N3 & N4: dec breathing & pulse; muscles relax; deep sleep; hard to wake
REM: brain active; body inactive (aka paradoxical sleep)

116
Q

In which sleep stage does sleepwalking & sleep disorders usually occur?

A

N3 & N4

117
Q

Which sleep stages have high frequency & low amplitude waves (EEG)?

A

Awake (small, rapid)
REM (somewhat irregular + rapid)

118
Q

Which sleep stages have delta waves?

A

N3 (delta waves appear)
N4 (mostly delta)

119
Q

What are the two theories of sleep? Why do we need sleep?

A
  1. Adaptive - sleep product of evolution
    - sleep patterns evolved to avoid predators (sleep when predators most active)
  2. Restorative - sleep vital to physical health of body
    - replenishes chemicals & repairs cellular damage
120
Q

Function of SLEEP

A
  1. Protection –> sleep pattern suits ecological needs of each species
  2. Recuperation –> restore immune system & repair brain tissue
  3. Growth –> pituitary gland releases growth hormone for muscle development (deep sleep) –> dec as age
  4. brain plasticity theory –> consolidates & strengthens memory
  5. creative thinking –> “why don’t you sleep on it”
121
Q

What are the short term effects of sleep deprivation?

A

One night
- dec attention & concentration
- dec mental flexibility & creativity

Few nights
- mental & physical consequences
- emotional symptoms (irrritable/depressed mood)

122
Q

What are the long-term effects of sleep deprivation?

A
  1. Cognitive –> hallucinations & delusions
  2. Emotional –> mood disorders (depression/ anxiety)
  3. Physiological –> risk of diabetes & heart dz
123
Q

Can take a look at slide 48 of lecture 2 (week 8) the brain and the mind part 1

overview of effects of sleep deprivation

A

you want to look you look, you dw to look then dont look

124
Q

When does REM sleep usually occur?

A

Towards the end of the night

125
Q

List the common sleep disorders (5 points)

A
  1. Insomnia
  2. Sleep apnea
  3. Narcolepsy
  4. Night terrors
  5. REM behaviour disorder (RBD)
126
Q

What is insomnia?

A

Recurring problems falling or staying asleep

127
Q

What is sleep apnea?

A

Where breathing periodically stops (≥10s) –> cause choking/gasping

128
Q

What is narcolepsy?

A

Irresistible & unpredictable day time attacks of sleepiness/actual sleep
Lasts 5-30 mins

129
Q

What are night terrors?

A

high arousal & appearance of being terrified
Usually during N3 sleep (vs nightmares – REM)
seldom remembered (vs nightmares – more likely to rmb)

130
Q

What is REM behaviour disorder?

A

Dream-enacting behaviour
Physically act out vivid, unpleasant dreams with vocal sounds & sudden violent arm & leg movements

REM sleep

131
Q

REM Behaviour disorder vs Sleepwalking

A

RBD can remember dreams but sleepwalking rarely rmb

RBD easier to wake up vs sleepwalking

RBD is during REM vs sleepwalking in NREM

132
Q

What do psychoactive drugs do?

A

Alter perception, mood, thinking, memory, behaviour by changing body’s biochem

133
Q

What are the drug classifications (based on effects on CNS)?

A
  1. Stimulants
  2. Depressants
  3. Narcotics
  4. Hallucinogens
  5. Marijuana
134
Q

What do stimulants (psychoactive drugs) do?

A

Heightened alertness; greater energy/excitability; improvement in mood (can reach euphoria)

Physiological –> inc HR & BP

135
Q

What are some examples of stimulants (psychoactive drugs)?

A

amphetamines
cocaine
nicotine
caffeine

136
Q

What do depressants do?

A

dec feeling of tension/fear
relief of anxiety
muscle relaxation

137
Q

What are some examples of depressants (psychoactive drugs)?

A

barbiturates
benzodiazepines
alcohol

138
Q

What do narcotics do?

A

pain relief
drowsiness
euphoria
confusion
respiratory depression

139
Q

What are is an example of narcotics (psychoactive drugs)?

A

opioids

140
Q

What do hallucinogens do?

A

paranoia
depersonalisation (sense of not being real)
hallucination (duh)
erratic behaviour
inc BP & HR

141
Q

What are some examples of hallucinogens (psychoactive drugs)?

A

manufactured: LSD, PCP, MDMA (also stimulant)

142
Q

What does marijuana do?

A

changes in sensory perception
euphoria
relaxation
appetite changes
cognitive impact (memory, concentration, coordination)
changes in BP

cannabis

143
Q

What are the adverse effects of amphetamines & cocaine?

A
  1. risk of addiction
  2. stroke
  3. fatal heart problems
  4. psychosis
144
Q

What are the adverse effects of nicotine?

A

STIMULANT
1. addiction
2. cancer

145
Q

What are the adverse effects of caffeine?

A

STIMULANT
1. addiction
2. high BP

146
Q

What are the adverse effects of barbiturates?

A

major tranquilizer - DEPRESSANT

  1. addiction
  2. brain damage
  3. DEATH
147
Q

What are the adverse effects of benzodiazepines?

A

minor tranquilizer - DEPRESSANT

  1. lower risk of overdose & addiction when taken alone (yay!)
148
Q

What are the adverse effects of alcohol?

A

DEPRESSANT
1. ALCOHOLIC
2. health problems
3. depression
4. inc risk of accidents
5. death

149
Q

What are the adverse effects of narcotics?

A
  1. addiction
  2. DEATH
150
Q

What are the adverse effects of hallucinogens?

A
  1. possible PERMANENT memory problems
  2. bad “trips”
  3. suicide
  4. overdose
  5. death
151
Q

How does psychoactive drugs affect the brain (physiologic effects)?

A
  • affects neurotransmitter levels in brain
  • large amts & frequent use –> damage neurons in brain –> impaired learning & memory
  • heavy use –> TOLERANCE (inc resistance to drug effects)
  • cessation –> severe WITHDRAWAL symptoms
152
Q

What is addiction?

A

Physical dependence: body needs drug to function –> tolerance & withdrawal warning signs

Psychological dependence: belief that drug is needed to function

153
Q

What may cause drug effects to vary?

A

previous exp w drug
physical condition
environmental setting
mental state

154
Q

What is sensation?

A

process by which sensory receptors & nervous system receive & represent stimulus energies from our environment

155
Q

What is perception?

A

Process of organising & interpreting sensory information

Basically, from the sensation (e.g. see furry face & furry tail), you process then perception is: dog

156
Q

What are sense receptors?

A

specialized forms of neurons that convert the energy of a stimulus electrical impulses that travel along the nerves to brain

157
Q

How to measure the sense?

A
  1. psychophysics
  2. absolute thresholds
  3. difference thresholds
  4. signal detection theory
158
Q

psychophysics

A

how physical stimuli interact with the human sensory systems to produce sensations & perceptions

159
Q

absolute thresholds

A

smallest amount of energy needed to detect a stimulus (e.g. light, sound, touch, etc) 50% of the time

160
Q

difference thresholds

A

min difference b/w 2 stimuli required for detection 50% of the time

161
Q

signal detection theory

A

how well they can distinguish b/w patterns that contain information & random patterns that are distracting

sensory process & decision process
Varies w motivation, alertness, expectation

162
Q

List how the brain adapts to stimuli (sensory adjustments)

A
  1. Habituation
  2. Sensory adaptation
  3. Sensory deprivation
  4. Sensory overload
163
Q

What is habituation (sensory adjustment)?

A

tendency of brain to stop attending to constant, unchanging info –> so can focus on what matters

e.g. A/C noise; you hear it clearly at first, then over time (since constant), the sound fades

164
Q

What is sensory adaptation (sensory adjustment)?

A

diminished sensitivity of sensory receptor cells to unchanging/constant stimulus

e.g. use perfume, adapted to the smell , put more (so they can smell)

164
Q

What is sensory overload (sensory adjustment)?

A

managed by process of selective attention (focus on whats impt); may deprive of information that is needed

164
Q

What is the visual stimulus?

A

light waves that travel in a straight line

165
Q

What is sensory deprivation (sensory adjustment)?

A

absence of normal levels of sensory stim
effects vary depending on duration & person’s interpretations

e.g. children kept in dark room –> X receive necessary input (e.g. light) –> impairment in certain senses e.g. vision

165
Q

How does the light enter the visual system?

A
  1. Light enters through cornea & lenses
  2. Reach the back of the eye –> retina
  3. Receptors on retina (convert light into electrical signals
  4. Retina send signals to ganglion cells & optic nerve towards brain
165
Q

What are the perceptual properties of light?

A
  1. Hue (colour names & wavelength of light)
  2. Brightness (bright lor; amt of light emitted from/reflected by object)
  3. saturation (vividness/purity of colour; complexity of light waves)
165
Q

What is timbre (perceptual properties of sound)?

A

complexity/richness in tone of sound
inc in no. of sounds = greater richness
usually determined by size & shape of vessel thats producing the sound

allows ears to distinguish sounds that have the same pitch & volume !

165
Q

Look at slide 60 of lecture 2 (week 8) the brain & the mind part 1

overview of visual system

A

better look at it unless you damn big brain about eyeballs

165
Q

What is volume (perceptual properties of sound)?

A

intensity corresponds to experience of loudness
larger wave amplitudes (height of sound waves)–> louder volumes (decibel)

165
Q

Perceptual properties of sound

A
  1. Frequency
  2. Volume
  3. Timbre
165
Q

What is frequency (perceptual properties of sound)?

A

cycles of waves/sec corresponding to PITCH (high, med, low)

shorter wavelengths –> more waves per sec –> high frequencies

165
Q

What is the auditory stiimulus?

A

sound waves (air pressure changes)

165
Q

Where are the hearing receptors in the ear?

A

hair cells (topped w CILIA) embedded in the basilar mbn of the organ of Corti in interior side of cochlea

166
Q

How do we hear…

A

sound waves vibrate the fluid within the cochlea

movement of fluid causes hair cells to move = causes pore-like channels to open = some chemicals rush in = creates electrical signal = electrical signal carried by auditory nerves to brain

166
Q

What is gustation?

A

sensation of taste
food molecules stim thousands of receptors in mouth

166
Q

What are the gustation receptors?

A

taste buds = special kind of neurons
line walls of papillae (bumps) on tongue

167
Q

Can taste cells regenerate?

A

YES

but cochlea hair cells & retina CANNOT

168
Q

What is olfaction?

A

ability to smell odors
sense organ: NOSE

169
Q

Where are olfactory receptor cells found?

A

specialised neurons embedded in mucous mbn in upper part of nasal passage (just beneath eyes)

170
Q

Where are the olfactory buils and what do they do?

A

areas of brain located just above sinus cavity & just below frontal lobes

Receive info from olfactory receptor cells

171
Q

What is the loss of smell an early sign of?

A

Parkinson’s dz
Alzheimer’s dz

bc smell is associated w memory

172
Q

Look at slide 65 of lecture 2 (week 8) the brain & the mind part 1

parts of the nose stuff

A

please look

173
Q

Look at slide 62 of lecture 2 (week 8) the brain & the mind part 1

parts of the hearing system

A

LOOK AT IT

174
Q

What are somesthetic senses?

A

body senses
comprises of
- skin senses
- proprioceptive senses (awareness of one’s own body & internal organs)
- kinesthetic sense
- vestibular sense

175
Q

What are the skin senses?

A

touch, pressure, temp, pain (also an internal sense)

sensory receptors in the skin

176
Q

What is the gate control theory?

A

“gate” = dorsal horn of spinal cord = can inhibit/facilitate transmission of nerve impulses = pain signals let through or restricted = reach brain (or not)

177
Q

What is kinesthetic sense?

A

body’s sense of movement & position in space
- receptors located in muscles, tendons, joints (PROPRIOCEPTORS)

178
Q

What are the vestibular senses?

A

sensations of movement, balance, body position

  • sense organs: vestibular organs located in ear (otolith & semicircular organs)
179
Q

What is the sensory conflict theory?

A

explanation of motion sickness

info from eyes conflict w info from vestibular senses

conflict b/w pattern of sensory inputs abt self movement & pattern expected on basis of prev experience

current pattern of sensory inputs about self-movement and the pattern that is expected on the basis of previous experience

Psych (7 decks)

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