The brain & the mind PART 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What does the nervous system do?
A
aka body’s electrochemical communication network
- Gathers & processes info
- Produces responses to stimuli
- Coordinates operations of different cells
2
Q
What does the nervous system comprise of?
A
Central nervous system (CNS)
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
3
Q
What does the CNS consist of?
A
Brain
Spinal Cord
CNS: central processing unit
4
Q
What does the brain do (CNS)?
A
Interprets & stores info & sends orders to muscles, glands, organs
5
Q
What does the spinal cord do (CNS)?
A
Pathway connecting brain & PNS
Collection of neurons & supportive tissue that runs frm base of brain down the back -> protected by spinal column
6
Q
What does the PNS consist of?
A
Autonomic Nervous system (ANS)
Somatic Nervous system (SNS)
7
Q
What is the PNS?
A
Transmit info to & from CNS
Contains ALL portions of NS (except brain & spinal cord)
Incl. sensory & motor nerves that connect CNS to rest of body
8
Q
What does the ANS do?
A
- Controls functioning of internal organs, glands & bld vessels
- Usually operates on its own but may be CONSCIOUSLY overriden
9
Q
What is multiple sclerosis & what does it cause?
A
Autoimmune disease that causes immune system to attack myelin sheath that covers peripheral nerves
Destruction of peripheral nerves
10
Q
What does the ANS comprise of?
A
Sympathetic NS (arousing)
Parasympathetic NS (calming)
Work tgt but in opposing ways
11
Q
What does the sympathetic NS do?
A
Mobilise body resources & inc. output of energy during emotion & stress
12
Q
What does the parasympathetic NS do?
A
Enables body to conserve & restore energy
Slows things down
13
Q
What are some examples of the sympathetic NS working on organs?
A
Just fyi;
- Dilate pupils
- Inc. HR
- Inhibits digestion (stomach & pancreas)
- Stim. glucose release by liver
- Stim. secretion of epinephrine/norepinephrine
- Relaxes bladder
14
Q
What are some examples of the parasympathetic NS working on organs?
A
- Contracts pupils
- Slows HR
- Stimulates digestion
- Stimulates gallbladder
- Contracts bladder
15
Q
What does the SNS control?
A
Body’s skeletal muscles
Voluntary processes
16
Q
What does the SNS comprise of?
A
Sensory input - carry messages frm senses to CNS
Motor output - carry messages frm CNS to muscles & glands
17
Q
What does the SNS include?
A
Nerves that are connected to sensory receptors & skeletal cells
18
Q
look at slide 13 of lecture 2 (week 8) - the brain and the mind - part 1 for an overview of the nervous system
A
HAVE YOU LOOKED AT IT????????
19
Q
What are the building blocks of the NS?
A
Neurons/nerves cells
Glia cells
20
Q
What do neurons/nerve cells do?
A
Communicate - transmit info to, frm & within the CNS
21
Q
What do glia cells do?
A
Hold neurons tgt
Nourish, insulate & protect neurons
Baasically - physical & metabolic support of NS
NO communication at all
22
Q
What are the parts of a neuron?
A
- Dendrites
- Soma
- Axon
- Axon terminals
- Myelin sheath
23
Q
What are dendrites?
A
Branch-like structures that receive info frm other neurons & transmit it to cell body
24
Q
What is the soma?
A
Cell body –> keeps cell alive & determines whether it will fire (based on accumulated inputs frm dendrites)
25
What is the axon?
tube-like extension that transmits messages to other neurons, muscles, gland cells
26
What are the axon terminals?
terminal branches of an axon
basically, end of axon
27
What is the myelin sheath?
Fatty insulation surrounding the axon (outer covering)
Helps to speed the neural impulses
28
How many pairs of peripheral nerves are there in a human body?
43 pairs
12 pairs are in the head
29
What the ways that neurons communicate?
1. Electrical process
2. Chemical process
3. Cleaning up process
30
What is the electrical process of communication (done by neurons)?
Communication within a neuron
Action potential --> neural impulse & brief electrical charge that travels down an axon (created by depolarising current)
Info pushed through axon based on +ve & -ve charges of ions
31
What is the chemical process of communication (done by neurons)?
Communication b/w neurons
Neurotransmitter --> chemical substance released by transmitting neuron at synapse --> alters activity of receiving neuron
(binds to receptor on surface of receiving neuron)
32
What is the cleaning up process (neuron communication)?
Reuptake
Reabsorb excess neurotransmitters by the sending neuron
33
What are the functions of dopamine (neurotransmitter)?
Influences movement, learning, attention, sensations of pleasure
Dopamine (DA)
34
What are the functions of serotonin (neurotransmitter)?
Affects mood, appetite, sleep, anxiety
Serotonin (5-HT)
35
What are the functions of Acetylcholine (neurotransmitter)?
Enables muscle action, learning, memory
Acetylcholine (ACh)
36
What are the functions of Norepinephrine (neurotransmitter)?
Helps control alertness & arousal
Norepinephrine (NE)
37
What are the functions of Gaba-amino butyric (neurotransmitter)?
Involved in sleep & inhibits movement
Gaba-amino butyric (GABA)
38
What are the functions of endorphins (neurotransmitter)?
Involved in pain relief
39
What are the malfunctions of dopamine (DA)?
- Oversupply
- Undersupply
- Oversupply: schizophrenia
- Undersupply: Parkinson's dz, depression
40
What are the malfunctions of serotonin (5-HT)?
- Undersupply
- Undersupply: depression, sleep & eating disorders
41
What are the malfunctions of Acetylcholine (ACh)?
- Oversupply
- Undersupply
- Oversupply: muscle contraction, convulsions
- Undersupply: Alzheimer's dz
42
What are the malfunctions of Norepinephrine (NE)?
- Oversupply
- Undersupply
- Oversupply: stress & panic disorder
- Undersupply: depression
43
What are the malfunctions of Gaba-amino butyric (GABA)?
- Undersupply
- Undersupply: seizures, tremors, insomnia
44
What are the malfunctions of Endorphins?
- Oversupply
- Undersupply
- Oversupply: insensitivity to pain
- Undersupply: pain hypersensitivity, immune problems
45
How does cocaine affect neurotransmitters?
Blocks reuptake of dopamine --> allows dopamine to stay active longer
Dopamine stays in the synaptic gap for longer & cont. to bind to receptors = enhanced dopamine neurotransmission
46
List 6 neurotransmitters
1. Dopamine (DA)
2. Serotonin (5-HT)
3. Acetylcholine (ACh)
4. Norepinephrine (NE)
5. Gaba-amino butyric (GABA)
6. Endorphins
47
What is the endocrine system (ES) known as?
2nd communication system interconnected with the NS
48
What are the 2nd class chemical messengers?
Hormones
secreted by endocrine glands
49
What is long distance messenging?
Hormones travel thru bldstream to organs & cells far from point of origin
50
Endocrine system vs Nervous system
Both produce chemicals that act on receptors elsewhere
NS occurs in fraction of a second
ES takes several seconds
51
List the endocrine glands (6 points)
1. Pituitary gland
2. Pineal gland
3. Thyroid gland
4. Pancreas
5. Gonads
6. Adrenal glands
52
Where is the pituitary gland located and what does it secrete?
Brain
Secretes human growth hormone
53
Where is the pineal gland located and what does it secrete?
base of cerebrum
Secretes melatonin (biological rhythms & sleep)
54
Where is the thyroid gland located and what does it secrete?
neck
Secretes thyroxin (growth & metabolism)
55
Where are the adrenal glands located and what does it secrete?
top of each kidney
Secretes over 30 hormones (corticoids/steroids) --> control stress reactions
56
Where is the gonads located and what does it secrete?
Ovaries & testes
regulate sexual behaviour & reproduction
57
Where is the pancreas located and what does it secrete?
under the liver
secretes insulin & glucagon
58
What does lesioning studies examine?
Examines brain areas that are damaged in animals & people
Electrical current destroys target neurons (using electrodes)
59
What is brain stimulation?
electrical stimulation to disrupt/enhance brain areas --> study changes in behaviour & cognition
Deep brain stimulation (DBS)
Transcranial magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
60
What does deep brain stimulation (DBS) do?
Stimulates brain from the inside (INVASIVE)
treatment for Parkinson's dz, seizures, chronic pain
61
What does transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) do?
stimulates brain from the outside w magnetic impulses (NON-INVASIVE)
used for PTSD, depression
62
What can be used to map the structure of the brain?
1. Computed tomography (CT): use Xray to map brain slices (tumours/stroke damage)
2. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): use magnetic fields & radio receivers for detailed & 3D images
63
What can be used to map the function of the brain?
1. Electroencephalogram (EEG)
2. Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
3. Functional MRI (fMRI)
64
What is an Electroencephalogram (EEG)?
amplified recording of waves of electrical activity sweeping across the brain's surface
measured by electrodes placed on scalp
65
What is Positron Emission Tomography (PET)?
visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a task
radioactive form of glucose = tracer
66
What is Functional MRI (fMRI)?
tracking changes in the blood oxygen levels
inc. levels = inc. functioning
used to study activity linked w specific thoughts & behaviour
67
MRI vs fMRI
MRI: shows anatomy
fMRI: shows change in blood flow related to brain activity
Both use magnetic fields to create images
68
fMRI vs PET
fMRI:
- clearer image
- can be repeated many times bc no radiation exposure
- widely available
- affordable
PET:
- better signal-to-noise ratio (basically vv clear)
fMRI --> increasing use now compared to PET
69
The brain is divided into 3 parts:
1. hindbrain - functions essential to maintain life
2. midbrain - impt for sensory & motor functions
3. forebrain - higher functioning (thinking, decision-making)
70
What does the hindbrain comprise of?
Medulla
Pons
Cerebellum
71
What does the medulla do?
controls heartbeat, breathing, digestion
72
What does the pons do?
influences sleep, waking, dreaming, motor control
73
What is the reticular formation in the hindbrain?
nerve network that runs from hindbrain through midbrain to forebrain
controls arousal & attention (consciousness)
74
What does the cerebellum do?
aka little brain
regulates movement & balance
involved in some cognitive functions (e..g receives messages frm muscle, tendons, structures, etc)
75
What does the forebrain comprise of?
Limbic system
Cerebrum
76
What is the limbic system for?
emotions, motivations, memory, learning
77
What is the cerebrum for?
largest brain structure
controls sensory, motor, cognitive processes
78
What does the cerebrum comprise of?
cerebral hemispheres
cerebral cortex
79
What does the limbic system comprise of (5 points)?
1. Thalamus
2. Hypothalamus
3. Hippocampus
4. Amygdala
5. Cingulate cortex
80
What does the thalamus do?
Brain's sensory control centre
Receives info from all senses (EXCEPT SMELL)
Sends info to higher brain regions responsible for vision, hearing, touch & taste
81
What does the hypothalamus do?
Regulates survival needs (thirst, hunger, sleeping, body temp)
Regulates emotions (controls pituitary gland-hormones
82
What does the hippocampus do?
forms long-term memories
If damaged/removed, no new memories can be formed
83
What does the amygdala do?
Arousal & regulation of emotion
Initial response to sensory info (fear) --> if damaged/removed, no fear
84
What does the cingulate cortex do?
limbic structure in cortex
Influences emotional & cognitive processing & motor responses
85
Look at slide 34 of Lecture 2 (week 8) the brain and the mind - part 1
limbic system positions & overview
HAVE YOU LOOKED AT IT????
86
What does the cerebral cortex comprise of?
frontal lobes
temporal lobes
parietal lobes
occipital lobes
87
What is the cerebral cortex?
outer layer of the cerebrum (gray matter)
covers the cerebral hemispheres
88
Function of frontal lobes
complex decision making
planning
memory
personality
social judgement
89
What are part of the frontal lobes?
motor cortex
Broca's area (speech production)
90
Function of temporal lobes
hearing --> primary auditory cortex & auditory association cortex
Wernicke's area --> meaning of words
91
Function of parietal lobes
receives sensory input for touch & body position (somatosensory cortex)
92
Function of occipital lobes
receives visual information (primary visual cortex & visual association cortex)
93
What are the 2 halves of the central hemispheres connected by?
corpus callosum
94
how big is the cerebrum?
2/3 of the brain
95
Look at slide 36 of Lecture 2 (week 8) the brain and the mind - part 1
subdivisions of the cortex positions
HAVE YOU LOOKED AT IT??????
96
How do the 2 hemispheres of the cerebrum communicate?
via the corpus callosum
97
How do the hemispheres control the body?
R hemisphere controls L side & vice cersa
In most mental activities, 2 sides cooperate
98
What is lateralization (two hemispheres of cerebrum)?
Specialisation of each hemisphere in particular operations
99
What are some specialisations of the left hemisphere?
Just read through
controls R hand
spoken language
written language
mathematical calculations
logical thought processes
analysis of detail
reading
100
What are some specialisations of the right hemisphere?
Just read through
controls L hand
nonverbal
visual-spatial perception
music & artistic processing
emotional thought & recognition
processes the whole
pattern recognition
facial recognition
101
What is plasticity?
Brain's ability to adapt to new circumstances
102
Gender differences in brain
Some anatomical & functional differences (brain scans)
Similarities > differences
Differences cld be attributed to behaviour & experiences instead
103
What is consciousness?
it is generated by action potentials in communication among neurons --> produces specific perception, memory & experience in awareness
104
What is dual processing?
information simultaneously processed on separate conscious & unconscious tracks
105
What is parallel processing?
processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously
106
What is selective attention?
focussing on a particular stimulus while simultaneously ignoring distractions & irrelevant info
e.g. noisy room; hear your name; can switch your focus to that stimulus & tune into that convo
107
What is sleep?
Periodic loss of consciousness
Partial/total suspension of consciousness, voluntary muscle inhibition & relative insensitivity to stimulation
108
What are biological rhythms?
Natural cycles of activity the body goes through
e.g. short bio rhythms: heartbeat; long bio rhythms: mentrual cycle
109
What controls the circadian rhythm?
the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) in hypothalamus
110
What is the sleep-wake cycle called?
circadian rhythm
111
Function of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)
Regulates levels of:
- melatonin (pineal gland)
- serotonin
Acts as a biological clock --> responds to light & dark changes
112
What is melatonin?
hormone!
Inc when dark
dec when light
113
What is serotonin?
neurotransmitter!
inc when awake
dec when asleep
114
What are the 2 sleep periods?
Rapid eye movement (REM): relatively active
Non-REM/N: deeper & restful state
~90 min cycles
115
What are the sleep stages?
N1: light sleep; drift in & out consciousness (>10 min); slowing HR & breathing
N2: dec body temp & HR, shallow breathing, minor noises won't wake
N3 & N4: dec breathing & pulse; muscles relax; deep sleep; hard to wake
REM: brain active; body inactive (aka paradoxical sleep)
116
In which sleep stage does sleepwalking & sleep disorders usually occur?
N3 & N4
117
Which sleep stages have high frequency & low amplitude waves (EEG)?
Awake (small, rapid)
REM (somewhat irregular + rapid)
118
Which sleep stages have delta waves?
N3 (delta waves appear)
N4 (mostly delta)
119
What are the two theories of sleep? Why do we need sleep?
1. Adaptive - sleep product of evolution
- sleep patterns evolved to avoid predators (sleep when predators most active)
2. Restorative - sleep vital to physical health of body
- replenishes chemicals & repairs cellular damage
120
Function of SLEEP
1. Protection --> sleep pattern suits ecological needs of each species
2. Recuperation --> restore immune system & repair brain tissue
3. Growth --> pituitary gland releases growth hormone for muscle development (deep sleep) --> dec as age
4. brain plasticity theory --> consolidates & strengthens memory
5. creative thinking --> "why don't you sleep on it"
121
What are the short term effects of sleep deprivation?
One night
- dec attention & concentration
- dec mental flexibility & creativity
Few nights
- mental & physical consequences
- emotional symptoms (irrritable/depressed mood)
122
What are the long-term effects of sleep deprivation?
1. Cognitive --> hallucinations & delusions
2. Emotional --> mood disorders (depression/ anxiety)
3. Physiological --> risk of diabetes & heart dz
123
Can take a look at slide 48 of lecture 2 (week 8) the brain and the mind part 1
overview of effects of sleep deprivation
you want to look you look, you dw to look then dont look
124
When does REM sleep usually occur?
Towards the end of the night
125
List the common sleep disorders (5 points)
1. Insomnia
2. Sleep apnea
3. Narcolepsy
4. Night terrors
5. REM behaviour disorder (RBD)
126
What is insomnia?
Recurring problems falling or staying asleep
127
What is sleep apnea?
Where breathing periodically stops (≥10s) --> cause choking/gasping
128
What is narcolepsy?
Irresistible & unpredictable day time attacks of sleepiness/actual sleep
Lasts 5-30 mins
129
What are night terrors?
high arousal & appearance of being terrified
Usually during N3 sleep (vs nightmares -- REM)
seldom remembered (vs nightmares -- more likely to rmb)
130
What is REM behaviour disorder?
Dream-enacting behaviour
Physically act out vivid, unpleasant dreams with vocal sounds & sudden violent arm & leg movements
REM sleep
131
REM Behaviour disorder vs Sleepwalking
RBD can remember dreams but sleepwalking rarely rmb
RBD easier to wake up vs sleepwalking
RBD is during REM vs sleepwalking in NREM
132
What do psychoactive drugs do?
Alter perception, mood, thinking, memory, behaviour by changing body's biochem
133
What are the drug classifications (based on effects on CNS)?
1. Stimulants
2. Depressants
3. Narcotics
4. Hallucinogens
5. Marijuana
134
What do stimulants (psychoactive drugs) do?
Heightened alertness; greater energy/excitability; improvement in mood (can reach euphoria)
Physiological --> inc HR & BP
135
What are some examples of stimulants (psychoactive drugs)?
amphetamines
cocaine
nicotine
caffeine
136
What do depressants do?
dec feeling of tension/fear
relief of anxiety
muscle relaxation
137
What are some examples of depressants (psychoactive drugs)?
barbiturates
benzodiazepines
alcohol
138
What do narcotics do?
pain relief
drowsiness
euphoria
confusion
respiratory depression
139
What are is an example of narcotics (psychoactive drugs)?
opioids
140
What do hallucinogens do?
paranoia
depersonalisation (sense of not being real)
hallucination (duh)
erratic behaviour
inc BP & HR
141
What are some examples of hallucinogens (psychoactive drugs)?
manufactured: LSD, PCP, MDMA (also stimulant)
142
What does marijuana do?
changes in sensory perception
euphoria
relaxation
appetite changes
cognitive impact (memory, concentration, coordination)
changes in BP
cannabis
143
What are the adverse effects of amphetamines & cocaine?
1. risk of addiction
2. stroke
3. fatal heart problems
4. psychosis
144
What are the adverse effects of nicotine?
STIMULANT
1. addiction
2. cancer
145
What are the adverse effects of caffeine?
STIMULANT
1. addiction
2. high BP
146
What are the adverse effects of barbiturates?
major tranquilizer - DEPRESSANT
1. addiction
2. brain damage
3. DEATH
147
What are the adverse effects of benzodiazepines?
minor tranquilizer - DEPRESSANT
1. lower risk of overdose & addiction when taken alone (yay!)
148
What are the adverse effects of alcohol?
DEPRESSANT
1. ALCOHOLIC
2. health problems
3. depression
4. inc risk of accidents
5. death
149
What are the adverse effects of narcotics?
1. addiction
2. DEATH
150
What are the adverse effects of hallucinogens?
1. possible PERMANENT memory problems
2. bad "trips"
3. suicide
4. overdose
5. death
151
How does psychoactive drugs affect the brain (physiologic effects)?
- affects neurotransmitter levels in brain
- large amts & frequent use --> damage neurons in brain --> impaired learning & memory
- heavy use --> TOLERANCE (inc resistance to drug effects)
- cessation --> severe WITHDRAWAL symptoms
152
What is addiction?
Physical dependence: body needs drug to function --> tolerance & withdrawal warning signs
Psychological dependence: belief that drug is needed to function
153
What may cause drug effects to vary?
previous exp w drug
physical condition
environmental setting
mental state
154
What is sensation?
process by which sensory receptors & nervous system receive & represent stimulus energies from our environment
155
What is perception?
Process of organising & interpreting sensory information
Basically, from the sensation (e.g. see furry face & furry tail), you process then perception is: dog
156
What are sense receptors?
specialized forms of neurons that convert the energy of a stimulus electrical impulses that travel along the nerves to brain
157
How to measure the sense?
1. psychophysics
2. absolute thresholds
3. difference thresholds
4. signal detection theory
158
psychophysics
how physical stimuli interact with the human sensory systems to produce sensations & perceptions
159
absolute thresholds
smallest amount of energy needed to detect a stimulus (e.g. light, sound, touch, etc) 50% of the time
160
difference thresholds
min difference b/w 2 stimuli required for detection 50% of the time
161
signal detection theory
how well they can distinguish b/w patterns that contain information & random patterns that are distracting
sensory process & decision process
Varies w motivation, alertness, expectation
162
List how the brain adapts to stimuli (sensory adjustments)
1. Habituation
2. Sensory adaptation
3. Sensory deprivation
4. Sensory overload
163
What is habituation (sensory adjustment)?
tendency of brain to stop attending to constant, unchanging info --> so can focus on what matters
e.g. A/C noise; you hear it clearly at first, then over time (since constant), the sound fades
164
What is sensory adaptation (sensory adjustment)?
diminished sensitivity of sensory receptor cells to unchanging/constant stimulus
e.g. use perfume, adapted to the smell , put more (so they can smell)
164
What is sensory overload (sensory adjustment)?
managed by process of selective attention (focus on whats impt); may deprive of information that is needed
164
What is the visual stimulus?
light waves that travel in a straight line
165
What is sensory deprivation (sensory adjustment)?
absence of normal levels of sensory stim
effects vary depending on duration & person's interpretations
e.g. children kept in dark room --> X receive necessary input (e.g. light) --> impairment in certain senses e.g. vision
165
How does the light enter the visual system?
1. Light enters through cornea & lenses
2. Reach the back of the eye --> retina
3. Receptors on retina (convert light into electrical signals
3. Retina send signals to ganglion cells & optic nerve towards brain
165
What are the perceptual properties of light?
1. Hue (colour names & wavelength of light)
2. Brightness (bright lor; amt of light emitted from/reflected by object)
3. saturation (vividness/purity of colour; complexity of light waves)
165
What is timbre (perceptual properties of sound)?
complexity/richness in tone of sound
inc in no. of sounds = greater richness
usually determined by size & shape of vessel thats producing the sound
allows ears to distinguish sounds that have the same pitch & volume !
165
Look at slide 60 of lecture 2 (week 8) the brain & the mind part 1
overview of visual system
better look at it unless you damn big brain about eyeballs
165
What is volume (perceptual properties of sound)?
intensity corresponds to experience of loudness
larger wave amplitudes (height of sound waves)--> louder volumes (decibel)
165
Perceptual properties of sound
1. Frequency
2. Volume
3. Timbre
165
What is frequency (perceptual properties of sound)?
cycles of waves/sec corresponding to PITCH (high, med, low)
shorter wavelengths --> more waves per sec --> high frequencies
165
What is the auditory stiimulus?
sound waves (air pressure changes)
165
Where are the hearing receptors in the ear?
hair cells (topped w CILIA) embedded in the basilar mbn of the organ of Corti in interior side of cochlea
166
How do we hear...
sound waves vibrate the fluid within the cochlea
movement of fluid causes hair cells to move = causes pore-like channels to open = some chemicals rush in = creates electrical signal = electrical signal carried by auditory nerves to brain
166
What is gustation?
sensation of taste
food molecules stim thousands of receptors in mouth
166
What are the gustation receptors?
taste buds = special kind of neurons
line walls of papillae (bumps) on tongue
167
Can taste cells regenerate?
YES
but cochlea hair cells & retina CANNOT
168
What is olfaction?
ability to smell odors
sense organ: NOSE
169
Where are olfactory receptor cells found?
specialised neurons embedded in mucous mbn in upper part of nasal passage (just beneath eyes)
170
Where are the olfactory buils and what do they do?
areas of brain located just above sinus cavity & just below frontal lobes
Receive info from olfactory receptor cells
171
What is the loss of smell an early sign of?
Parkinson's dz
Alzheimer's dz
bc smell is associated w memory
172
Look at slide 65 of lecture 2 (week 8) the brain & the mind part 1
parts of the nose stuff
please look
173
Look at slide 62 of lecture 2 (week 8) the brain & the mind part 1
parts of the hearing system
LOOK AT IT
174
What are somesthetic senses?
body senses
comprises of
- skin senses
- proprioceptive senses (awareness of one's own body & internal organs)
- kinesthetic sense
- vestibular sense
175
What are the skin senses?
touch, pressure, temp, pain (also an internal sense)
sensory receptors in the skin
176
What is the gate control theory?
"gate" = dorsal horn of spinal cord = can inhibit/facilitate transmission of nerve impulses = pain signals let through or restricted = reach brain (or not)
177
What is kinesthetic sense?
body's sense of movement & position in space
- receptors located in muscles, tendons, joints (PROPRIOCEPTORS)
178
What are the vestibular senses?
sensations of movement, balance, body position
- sense organs: vestibular organs located in ear (otolith & semicircular organs)
179
What is the sensory conflict theory?
explanation of motion sickness
info from eyes conflict w info from vestibular senses
conflict b/w pattern of sensory inputs abt self movement & pattern expected on basis of prev experience
current pattern of sensory inputs about self-movement and the pattern that is expected on the basis of previous experience
