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Mental health! Flashcards

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1
Q

What is mental health?

A

“a state of well-being where own potential realized, cope with the normal stressors of life, work productively & fruitfully, and make a contribution to her/his community” - WHO

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2
Q

What is mental illness?

A

Wide range of mental health conditions (disorders) characterised by PSYCHOLOGICAL DYSFUNCTION and ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR

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3
Q

What is psychopathology?

A

Scientific study of mental disorders (origin, development, manifestations)

basically mental illness

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4
Q

History of mental illness

A
  1. Craniotomy (stone age) –> trepanation: drill holes in skull, extracting the stone of madness
  2. Demonology –> possessed/born as demons
  3. Somatogenesis –> attributed to bodily causes (Hippocrates)
  4. Renaissance –> illness directly linked to body (physiology & pathology)
  5. Mental asylum
  6. Modern treatment –> humanistic approach
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5
Q

What is abnormality defined as?

A
  1. Statistical Deviance
  2. Social Norm Deviance
  3. Subjective Discomfort
  4. Inability to function normally
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6
Q

What is statistical deviance (abnormality definition)?

A

Rare/infrequent behaviour/thinking that deviates from the average or majority (e.g. gifted person/genius)

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7
Q

What is social norm deviance (abnormality definition)?

A

Deviance from social norms/cultures (e.g. dress code, personal space)
(e.g. behaviour harmful to others)

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8
Q

What is subjective discomfort (abnormality definition)?

A

Emotional distress (e.g. depression, anxiety) that has a significant impact on person’s functioning

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9
Q

What is the inability to function normally (abnormality definition)?

A

When a person is unable to adapt to stressors and everyday demands of life (maladaptive thinking/behaviour)

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10
Q

Definition of psychological disorders based on:

A

Atypical behaviour & thinking that is significantly distressing, harmful to oneself or others & disruptive to daily life functioning

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11
Q

Causes of mental disorders

A
  1. Biological (medical) model: psycho disorders have bio/medical causes
  2. Psycho perspectives: psycho disorders have psycho causes (emo, behavioural, cognitive)
    - Psychodynamic: repressed conflicts, unconscious motivations, childhood exp
    - Behaviourtist: abnormal behaviour learned (classical/operant conditioning, social learning theory)
    - Cognitive: abnormal behaviour the result of irrational thinking & errors in logic
  3. Sociocultural perspective: psycho disorders product of family, social & cultural influences (SES, race, etc)
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12
Q

What is psychological disorder?

A

Syndrome (collection of symptoms) characterized by clinically significant disturbance in indiv’s cognition, emotional regulation, behaviour
- reflects a dysfunction in psychological, biological, developmental processes underlying mental functioning

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13
Q

What is psychological disorders usually associated with?

A
  • Significant distress/disability in social, occupational, other important activities
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14
Q

What are NOT considered mental disorders?

A
  • An expectable or culturally approved response to common stressor/loss (e.g death of loved one)
  • Socially deviant behaviour & conflicts are NOT mental disorders UNLESS result from dysfunction (e.g. political, religious, sexual)
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15
Q

How are mental disorders classified?

A

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edition) –> bible for diagnosing mental disorders - American Psychiatric Association

DSM facts:
1st DSM (1952): 86 pages, 100 disorders
DSM-IV-TR (2000): 900 pages, 365 disorders
DSM-5 (2013): 947 pages & over 400 disorders

International Classification of Diseases (10th edition) - WHO (1992)

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16
Q

DSM-5

A

Replaced multiaxial (Axis I-V) & categorical classification of mental disorders of previous DSMs with a dimensional approach
- Disorders viewed & ranked on a continuum vs present/absent
- Dimensions: spectrum of related psychological & behavioural characteristics that occur tgt

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17
Q

What are the pros and cons of using diagnostic labels?

A

Pros:
- Common language for professionals
- Facilitates diagnosis & standardises treatment

Cons:
- Over-diagnosing (e.g. caffeine intoxication)
- Prejudicial (e.g. premenstrual dysphoric disorder; may results in discrimination)
- “psychology student’s syndrome” (symptoms ≠ disorder)

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18
Q

What are anxiety disorders?

A

Characterized by excessive/unrealistic worry & fearfulness & dysfunctional related behaviours

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19
Q

Categories for anxiety-related disorders (DSM-5)

A
  1. Anxiety Disorders
  2. Obsessive-Compulsive & related disorders
  3. Trauma- & Stressor-related disorders
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20
Q

What are phobias?

A

Irrational, persistent fear & avoidance of an object/situation/activity

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21
Q

Social Anxiety Disorder (Social phobia)

A

Fear of being in social situations that could lead to a negative evaluation of oneself

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22
Q

Agoraphobia

A

Fear of any place where escape might be difficult –> incl. open spaces, crowds, public transportation

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23
Q

Claustrophobia

A

Fear of enclosed spaces

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24
Q

Nyctophobia
Ceraunophobia
Brontophobia
Pyrophobia

A

Nyctophobia: darkness
Ceraunophobia: Lightning
Brontophobia: Thunder
Pyrophobia: Fire

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25
Q

Arachnophobia
Ophidiophobia
Zoophobia

A

Arachnophobia: spiders
Ophidiophobia: snakes
Zoophobia: animals

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26
Q

Xenophobia
Mysophobia/Germophobia
Acrophobia

A

Xenophobia: foreigners, strangers
Mysophobia/Germophobia: germs, contamination
Acrophobia: heights

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27
Q

Hematophobia
Algophobia
Trypanophobia
Nosophobia

A

Hematophobia: blood
Algophobia: pain
Trypanophobia: injections, needles
Nosophobia: disease

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28
Q

What is a panic disorder?

A

Repeated & unexpected panic attacks, persistent worry about future plans, and/or related maladaptive behaviour

29
Q

What is a panic attack?

A

Sudden rush of intense & disabling anxiety & fear with multiple physical symptoms (min of 4 required)

E.g. of physical symptoms –> Heart palpitations, Trembling, Breathlessness, jelly-like legs, mind racing, etc

29
Q

What is a generalised anxiety disorder?

A

Excessive anxiety & worry occurring more days than not
for ≥ 6 months about number of events/activities

29
Q

What is obsessive-compulsive disorder?

A

Characterized by presence of obsessions and/or compulsions

Obsessions: intrusive, unwanted recurrent thoughts, urges, images that create anxiety
Compulsions: Repetitive, ritualistic, persistent behaviours (e.g. hand-washing) or mental acts (e.g. counting) driven by obsessions aimed at reducing anxiety

30
Q

The OCD cycle

A

Obsessions lead to anxiety
Anxiety leads to compulsions
Compulsions lead to relief
Temporary relief followed by obsessions again

Obsession –> Anxiety –> Compulsion –> Relief –> Obsession (repeats)

31
Q

What is acute stress disorder (ASD)?

A

Anxiety resulting from exposure to major & traumatic stressor, lasting 3 days to 1 month

32
Q

Symptoms of acute stress disorder (ASD)

A
  • Recurrent distressing memories, nightmares, flashbacks
  • Difficulty experiencing positive emotions
  • Difficulty remembering details of event
  • Avoidant behaviours
  • Sleep disturbance
  • Hypervigilance
  • Concentration problems
33
Q

What is post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

A

Similar symptoms as ASD, lasting ≥ 1 month (can last throughout lifetime)
- Late onset, develop ≥ 6 months after trauma

34
Q

What are the causes of anxiety disorders?

A
  1. Psychodynamic
  2. Behavioural
  3. Cognitive
  4. Biological
35
Q

Psychodynamic cause of anxiety disorders

A

Anxiety created by repressed urges & desires trying to surface from the unconscious (Freud)
- E.g. fear of knives = fear or own aggressive tendencies

36
Q

Behavioural cause of anxiety disorders

A

Anxious behavioural rxns are learned through conditioning/reinforcement
- E.g. phobia = classically conditioned feared response (“little Albert”)

37
Q

Cognitive cause of anxiety disorders

A

Anxiety stems from illogical, irrational thinking process
- Heart palpitations = I am having a heart attack –> I am dying

38
Q

Biological cause of anxiety disorders

A

Chemical imbalance in NS (e.g. serotonin, GABA dysfunction)
Genetic bases (e.g. GAD, OCD, Panic disorder)
Inc activity in amygdala & limbic system (regulate emotions)

39
Q

What are mood disorders?

A

Characterized by significant disturbance (elevation/lowering) in mood/emotion

40
Q

What are the categories for mood disorders (DSM-5)?

A
  1. Depressive Disorders
  2. Bipolar & Related Disorders
41
Q

What are the 2 most prevalent mood disorders?

A
  • Major Depressive Disorder
  • Bipolar Disorder I and II
42
Q

What is Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?

A

Pervasive & significantly low mood involving one or more major depressive episodes
- w/o mania & hypomania
- Most prevalent + assoc. with high mortality

Major depressive episode –> severely depressed mood, lasting ≥ 2 weeks

43
Q

What is Bipolar I disorder?

A

Presence of one or more manic episodes, with or w/o episodes depression

Manic episode: pervasive & significant elation/irritability ≥ 1 week

44
Q

What is Bipolar II disorder?

A

Presence of at least one hypomanic episode and at least one depressive episode

Hypomanic episode: pervasive & significant elation/irritability ≥ 4 consecutive days (like mania but milder)

45
Q

What are the causes of mood disorders?

A
  1. Psychodynamic
    - depression is repressed anger turned against self
  2. Behavioural
    - depression assoc. with learned helplessness
  3. Cognitive
    - depression stems from distorted & illogical thoughts
    - Mental filter: focus on -ve points & filter out +ve aspects
    - Personalization: seeing self as responsible for -ve events
  4. Biological
    - Chemical imbalance in brain (serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) –> too high/too low
    - Genes & heritability (e.g. MDD, Bipolar)
46
Q

What are eating disorders?

A

Characterized by persistent disturbances of eating behaviours that significantly impair physical health & social functioning

47
Q

What are the most prevalent DSM-5 Feeding & Eating disorders?

A
  1. Anorexia Nervosa
  2. Bulimia Nervosa
  3. Binge-eating disorder
48
Q

What is anorexia nervosa?

A

Severe diet restriction resulting in significantly low body weight based on age, gender, developmental course & physical health
- Significantly low weight based on body mass index (BMI)
- BMI = weight (kg) / height (m2)

49
Q

What is bulimia nervosa?

A

Recurrent episodes of binge eating & unhealthy behaviours to avoid weight gain (e.g. vomiting, laxatives, extreme exercising)

Binge eating episodes: uncontrolled overeating of excessive amount of food within 2 hour period

50
Q

What is binge-eating disorder?

A

Recurrent episodes of binge eating (≥ 1 per week for 3 months) w/o attempts to avoid weight gain

51
Q

Who is at a greater risk of eating disorders?

A

Adolescent or young female
Western cultures (less common in non-Western cultures)

52
Q

Causes for eating disorders

A
  1. Psychodynamic: disturbances in parent-child r/s resulting in ego deficiencies
    - food = symbol of mother-daughter conflict –> binging represents hate & love of mother
  2. Behavioural: maladaptive eating behaviours learned through conditioning & reinforcement
  3. Cognitive: disordered eating stems from significant cognitive disturbance (e.g. overvalued ideas of weight & body image, self-identity issues)
  4. Biological: evidence of genetic factors, though specific genes not yet identified

(causes of anorexia & bulimia nervosa not yet fully understood)

53
Q

What is schizophrenia?

A

Most prevalent psychotic disorder from DSM 5 category of Schizophrenia spectrum & psychotic disorders

Severe brain disorder characterized by abnormal interpretation of reality –> involves disordered thinking (delusions), perceptual disturbance (hallucinations), bizarre behaviours & emotional dysfunction

54
Q

What are psychotic disorders?

A

Mental disorders in which a person loses touch with reality & their personality is severely confused

55
Q

What are symptoms of schizophrenia?

A
  1. Delusions
  2. Hallucinations
  3. Disorganised thinking (speech)
  4. Disorganised behaviour
  5. Negative symptoms
56
Q

What are delusions (symptoms of schizophrenia)?

A

False & fixed beliefs, despite conflicting evidence
- Persecutory –> belief that one is going to be attacked/harassed by others (conspiracy against oneself)
- Grandiose –> belief that one has exceptional abilities, wealth, fame

57
Q

What are hallucinations (symptoms of schizophrenia)?

A

Internal sensory perception that isn’t actually present, involving any of the 5 senses
- auditory (hearing voices/sounds) & visual most common

58
Q

What are disorganised thinking (speech) (symptoms of schizophrenia)?

A

Disordered thinking evidenced by one’s speech
- derailment –> loose associations; switching from one topic to another
- incoherence –> word salad; confused & unintelligible mixture of words

59
Q

What are disorganised behaviour and negative symptoms (symptoms of schizophrenia)?

A

Disorganised behaviour –> ranging from immobility to excessive movement & odd gesturing

Negative symptoms –> diminished emotional expression (flat affect)

60
Q

What are the causes of schizophrenia?

A

Biological
Environmental

61
Q

Biological cause of schizophrenia

A
  • Chemical imbalances (dopamine, GABA, glutamate, etc)
  • Structural defects in brain (frontal lobe, lower amts of white matter)
  • Genetic & hereditary factors supported by twin & adoption studies
  • Prenatal factors (viral infections)
62
Q

Environmental causes of schizophrenia

A

Stress-vulnerability model
- Genetic predisposition (vulnerability) interacts with environmental stressors (e.g. living circumstances, social stressors, trauma) to produce the disorder

63
Q

What are personality disorders?

A

Maladaptive thinking & behaviours defined by 3 Ps:
- Persistent: longstanding, relatively stable over time (from mid-adolescence onwards)
- Pervasive: affect entire life adjustment (e.g. emotional functioning, social interactions, employment, etc
- Problematic: disturbed thinking & behaviour that deviates markedly from social norms –> causing significant distress to self and/or others

64
Q

What are the 3 clusters of personality disorders (DSM-5)?

A

Cluster A: odd/eccentric (paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal)
Cluster B: dramatic/emotional/erratic (antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic)
Cluster C: anxious/fearful (avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive)

65
Q

What is the antisocial personality disorder?

A

Pervasive pattern of disregard & violation of rights of others
- Lack of conscience & remorse
- Manipulative & deceptive
- Aggressive (repeated physical fights/assaults)

AKA psychopaths ! or sociopaths

66
Q

What is borderline personality disorder?

A

Pervasive pattern of instability in moods, interpersonal r/s, self-image & marked impulsivity
- Self-destructive (incl. self-mutilation, suicide attempts)
- Impulsive behaviours (substance abuse, binge-eating, overspending)
- Unstable & intense r/s
- Difficulty controlling anger (inc. outbursts)

67
Q

Causes of personality disorders

A
  1. Cognitive-Behavioural: personality disorders stem from learned behaviours & assoc. beliefs through reinforcement, shaping, modelling
  2. Biological: evidence of genetic factors (e.g. antisocial, borderline)
  3. Environmental: disturbances in family r/s, childhood abuse, extreme parenting styles (overprotectiveness, rejectionm neglect)

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