The Brain Part 1,2 and ANS Flashcards
Brain stem
Lower portion of the brain. What keeps us alive! Medulla oblongata Pons Midbrain
Cerebellum
Back
Ventricles
Hydrostatic skeleton in the brain
Meninges
Durra mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater
CSF
Cushioning
Supporting (floating) the brain. 1600g to 25g
Chemical balance
Blood plasma with no proteins!
CSF formation
Made in the choroid plexuses
By ependymal cells
Capillaries
Make 500mL a day.
CSF circulation
Through ventricles
Spinal epidural space and central canal.
Brain blood supply
TO the brain: Internal carotids Vertebral/basilar arteries FROM the brain: Internal jugulars
Blood-brain, blood-CSF barriers
BBB Highly selective regulation Glucose and O2 and CO2 to defuse though This prevents infection. Absent in endocrine structures.
Cerebrum
Folds and higher thinking
Diencephalon
Part of the forebrain, containing the epithalamus, Thalamus, hypothalamus and the third ventricle.
Midbrain
The portion of the central nervous system associated with vision, hearing, motor control, sleep, wake and arousal
Pons
Links The Medela oblongata and the thalamus
Medulla oblongata
The lower part of the brainstem in containing control centers for the heart and lungs.
Medela oblongata gray matter
ANS reflex control
Breathing (Normal), blood pressure, heart rate
Cranial nerve sensory and motor functions
Puns, white matter
Sensory to the thalamus
Motor to cranial and spinal nerves
Pons gray matter
Cranial nerve sensory relay and motor commands
Respiration rate adjustment
Relays sensory and motor information to the cerebellum
Midbrain, white matter (peduncles)
Connects motor neurons between brain and spinal cord
Sensory to thalamus
Midbrain, gray matter
Major nuclei:
Superior colliculi: visual reflexes
Inferior colliculi: auditory reflexes
Red nucleus: subconscious control of upper limbs
Substantia negra: regulates activity of basal nuclei
Reticular activating system (RAS): consciousness
Cerebellum, white matter
Coordination between brain regions and spinal cord
Cerebellum, gray matter
Balance and posture
Fine-tuning motor movements
EX. Writing
Choroid plexus
Produces cerebral spinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain
Gracile nucleus
One of the dorsal column nuclei that participate in the sensation of fine touch
Cuneate nucleus
Fine Touch
Solitary nucleus
Sensory nuclei forming a ventral column of gray matter imbedded in the medulla
Epithalamus
Includes pineal gland(melatonin secretion)
Choroid plexus
Thalamus function
Filters and projects cerebral information Visual and auditory info to cortexes Regulates consciousness Influences emotions Damage = coma
Major nuclei
Anterior group: part of the limbic system
Medial group: emotional output to Paris for all cortex; awareness of emotions
Ventral group: projects somatic sensory information to somatosensory cortex; Relays info from cerebrum to basal nuclei to motor cortex
Lateral group: integration of sensory info to influence emotional states
Posterior group: lateral geniculate nucleus; Projects visual info to visual cortex.
Medial geniculate nucleus; projects auditory info to auditory cortex
Hypothalamus
Neurosensory coordination response to:
Neural stimuli
Hormones
Blood and cerebral spinal fluid chemical stimuli
Major functions of the hypothalamus
Autonomic coordination ( HR, BP) Nuro sensory functions with pituitary Physiological drives: hunger and thirst Memory with limbic system Regulation of body temperature Control of circadian rhythms Emotional behavior and sexual response
Cerebrum
Gray matter: Basal nuclei: unconscious coordination Cerebral cortex: conscious awareness and intellectual functions White matter: Neural wiring
Basal nuclei
Process of sensory information
Direct control over sub conscious movement
Indirect control and modification of conscious movement via motor cortex
Cerebral cortex
Two functionally distinct hemispheres
Left receives information and controls the right side of the body and vice versa
Coordinated by the corpus callosum
Specific areas control specific functions
Motor and sensory areas
Association areas
The limbic system
Coordinates information between cerebellum and dienCephalon
Functions of the limbic system
Establishes emotional states and drives
Links cerebrum, consciousness, with brainstem,
unconsciousness
Motivation and drive
Coordinating memory storage and retrieval
Amygdaloid body: emotion->meomory
Hippocampus: memory storage and retrieval
Lateralis action
Refers to how some narrow functions tend to be more dominant in one hemisphere than the other
General interpretive (wernicke’s) area
Where does are associated with their meaning in this area
ANS effectors
Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, adipose tissue
Visceral reflex receptors
Baroreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Thermoreceptors
Visceral reflex pathway
Receptors Afferent sensory nerves Integration centers Efferent motor nerves Effectors
Sympathetic nervous system
Fight or flight
Parasympathetic nervous system
Resting and digesting
Enteric nervous system
The brain in your gut
Autonomic pathways
Integrative center Preganglionic fiber Ganglion Post ganglion if fiber Varicosities
Sympathetic functional anatomy
Prepares somatic division for action, fight or flight
Neural and hormonal activity
Inhibitory and excitatory options
Sympathetic organization
Preganglionic neuron’s branch from lateral Gray horn’s
Sympathetic chain ganglia
Innervate head and thoracic organs via sympathetic nerves
Generallyexcitatory, EX. Heart rate, lung dilation etc.
Innervate peripheral structures and glad to be a spinal nerves
Collateral ganglia
Innervate abdominpelvic organs via Splanchnic nerves
Generally inhibitory, decrease digestion
Adrenal Medullae
Stimulate release of epinephrine and norepinephrine
Sympathetic anatomy
Parasympathetic
Visceral function and energy conservation, resting and digesting.
Fewer effectors, but more specific targeting then sympathetic
Parasympathetic functional anatomy
Preganglionic nerves in brainstem (cranial nerves) and sacral segments
Ganglionic neurons terminate near, or in, target organs
Vegas nerve is the most efficient
