211 Test One Flashcards
Homeostasis
Maintaining balance despite widely changing external conditions.
Intrinsic regulation
Autoregulation, happens at tissue and organ level.
Extrinsic regulation
Neural and hormonal. External
Homeostatic feedback loop step one.
Stimulus: physical or chemical parameter that can very. Stimuli can be internal or external.
Homeostatic feedback loop step two.
Sensor: the structure that detects the change. Sensor can be cells, tissues organ that has sensors for the stimulus.
Homeostatic feedback loop step three.
Control center: the structure that processes the information. Then sends a message. Message is either neural or endocrine(chemical).
Homeostatic feedback loop step four.
Message: intercellular communication. Will be neural, chemical or hormonal.
Homeostatic feedback loop step five.
Effector: cell, tissue, organ or structure that receives the message. The effector will either receive a neural signal or have receptor for the hormone or chemical (ligand).
Homeostatic feedback loop step six.
Response: change of the effector. The presence of the message will change the activity of the receptor and then will counteract the change.
Biochemistry
Macromolecules
Pro tines, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids
Condensation/dehydration reactions.
Enzymes
Chemical reaction catalyst, does not get used up in the reaction. Attaches to a substrate.
Properties of water.
H bonding, …
Membrane structure and function
Very important!!!!!!!!
Passive transport:Diffusion and Facilitated diffusion
Active transport.
Histology, four tissue types.
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
Autonomic nervous system
Very important!
Endocrine cells
How do they work!
Ligand
?
Blood
Liquid Connective tissue
Blood function
Transport…
Protection…
Regulation…
Hemostasis
?
Blood properties
4-6 L in you body Temp. 38C 5x more viscous the water. pH = 7.35-7.45 acidosis, alkalosis! Osmolarity: 300 mOsm/L
Plasma
Liquid part of blood.
Leukocytes
Defense
4-10,000 WBCs/mm^3
>10,000 = elevated
Leukocyte characteristics
Primarily remain in the CT Blood stream for point to point transportation Ameboid movement Diapedisis? Migration out of the blood stream.
Phagocytosis
?
Neutrophils
Most common (70%)
Mobile phagocytes
Attack marked bacteria
Suicidal eaters-puss!
Eosinophils
Rear! 2-4% of WBC count
Attack eukaryotic parasites E.X. Worms and Protozoa
Exotoxins release: attach to the parasites and inject exotoxins to kill.
Can phagocytosis
Basophils
Rear<1%
Granules contain histamine ( vasodilator) and heparin( anticoagulant)
Inflammatory response.
Monocytes
5-10% of WBC
Huge! macrophages.
Phagositize big clusters of bacteria
Lymphocytes
20-30%
B,T, NK cells
WBC development
Originate in bone marrow
Production hormonally regulated.
CSFs? Colony stimulating factors
Platelets
Hemostasis
From megakaaryocytes
Hemostsis
Ks
Jfnv
Vascular paste of hemostasis
Decrease in diameter of the blood vessels due to injury. .
Platelet phase
Platelets adhered to the lamina and plug it up.
Chemical signaling
..
Coagulation phase
Formation of a blood clot Clotting factor (13) fibrin formation.
CP
Extrinsic pathway
…
CP
Intrinsic
…
CP
Common pathway
…
Hemophilia
Inability to clot blood.
Leukemia
Cancer of white blood cells
Blood clot/ pulmonary embolism
Anemia
Anemia
Not getting enough to o2 to the cells
Pericardium
Bag the heart sits in.
Epicardium
.
Endocardium
Inside of the heart
Cardiac muscle
Myocardium
Interconnected via intercalated discs
Contractile and conducting tissue
Heart chambers
2 atria
2 ventricles
4 valves: atrioventricular and semilunar
Major odor great vessels
Vena cavalettis
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary veins
Aorta
Coronary circulation
Blood supply to the heart
Intercalated disks
Myocardium connection.
Gap junctions
Communication points
Demos omens
Spot welds
Myocardium
AEROBIC
Tons of mitochondria
Filled by fatty muscles
Resistance to fatigue
Conducting cells
Control the contractions 1%
Contractile cells
Do the contracting
Parathyroid hormone
Maintains Ca+ outside of the cell.
Funny channels
Always open!
Hypodfloric acid
HF and F binds to Ca+. You die.
SA node
Pacemaker
In right atrium
AV node
Delays ventricular contraction
AV bundle …
…
Hearts job
Pressurize cardiac system
Systole
Contraction of the heart
Diastole
Relaxing
Phases of contraction
Ventricular filling
Isometric contraction
Ventricular ejection
Isometric…
Arteries
Carries blood away from the heart.
Arterioles
…
Tunica intima
Endothelium most internal.
Compliance
Means that it gives.
Targeted profusion to match demand
Arteries
Hepatic
Liver
