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Anatomy And Phisyology 211 > Glands > Flashcards

Glands Flashcards

1
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Links the nervous system to endocrine system via the pituitary gland.

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2
Q

Anterior pituitary

A

Closes to the hypothalamus.

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3
Q

TSH

A

Thyroid hormone

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4
Q

ACTH

A

Adrenal cortex hormones

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5
Q

Prolactin

A

Stimulates the mammary glad to produce milk

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6
Q

Growth hormone

A

Stimulates cell devotion. And frees up energy reserves.

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7
Q

Posterior pituitary gland

A

ADH, promotes water retention

OT, seminal secretion, bonding and trust.

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8
Q

Pituitary gigantism

A

People that produce too much GH.

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9
Q

Thyroid gland

A

T3 and T4 are the two hormones that are produced by the thyroid.
Increase metabolism and heat.

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10
Q

Calcitonin CT

A

…

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11
Q

PTH

A

When blood Ca decrease this hormone is released and the pH of our blood is balanced

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12
Q

Adrenal glands

A 
Cortex
1. Mineralocorticoids 
2. Glucocorticoids
Medulla
1. Epinephrine 
2. Norepinephrine
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13
Q

Mineralocorticoids

A

Aldosterone, promotes Na retention and the secretion of K. Increase water retention.
Triggered by decrease of blood Na, BP…

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14
Q

Glucocorticoid

A

Cortisol, human stress hormones.

Corticosterone…

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15
Q

Epinephrine, norepinephrine

A

…

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16
Q

Pineal gland

A

Secret melatonin

Regulation of circadian rhythm

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17
Q

Pancreas

A

Regulated blood glucose levels

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18
Q

Glucagon (mobilizing)

A

Responds to decrease in blood glucose

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19
Q

Insulin(storing)

A

Responds to increase in blood sugar.

Stimulates glucose uptake by cells.

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20
Q

The gonads

A 
Ovaries and testes
Controlled by FSH, LH and GnRH
Estrogens
Androgens ex. Testosterone 
Progestins
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21
Q

Skin hormone production

A

Cholecaliferol…

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22
Q

Liver hormones

23
Q

Hormone structure

A

Monoamines

24
Q

Hormone mechanism

A

Goes everywhere but only effects cell with the correct membrane receptor.
Alter enzyme activity
Alter ion channel activity

25
Hormone is the first messenger
Activates second messenger | cAMP
26
Intercellular Communication secretion types.
Direct Synaptic Paracrine Endocrine
27
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamic hormones (tropic hormones) Controls the release of the anterior pituitary hormones. Releasing (RH) and inhibiting (IH) hormones. GHRH/somatostatin (GHIH), TRH, GnRH, CRH
28
Hypothalamus hormone production, released by the posterior pituitary
ADH and Oxytocin
29
Neural control of adrenal hormone release releases what?
E and NE
30
Anterior pituitary produces tropic hormones that regulate other endocrine organs or glands.
TSH-stimulate the release of thyroid hormones ACTH- stimulates the release of adrenal cortex hormones Gonadotropins- FSH and LH Prolactin(PRL) stimulates mammary gland development and milk production. Growth hormone (GH) stimulates cell division, freeze up energy reserves
31
Posterior pituitary gland releases hormones synthesized by the hypothalamus
``` Antidiuretic hormone (a DH) promotes water retention Oxytocin (OT) stimulates uterine contraction, milk release, seminal secretions, bonding and trust ```
32
Thyroid gland
``` Follicular cell: Controlled by the hypothalamus (TRH) and anterior pituitary (TSH) T4 T3 Increases metabolism and he production ```
33
Parafollicular cells
Calcitonin (CT) Decreases blood calcium levels Inhibits osteoclast activity Increases calcium excretion in kidneys
34
Parathyroid gland
Produces parathyroid hormone (PTH) Increases blood calcium levels Stimulates osteoclast division Increases calcium kidney reabsorption Increases calcium absorption by G.I. tract Stimulates calcite idol production by kidneys
35
Adrenal glands
Adrenal cortex hormones (corticosteroids) | Mineralocorticoids: targets kidneys
36
Aldosterone
Promotes sodium retention and potassium excretion in kidneys Increases water retention Triggered by decrease in blood sodium levels, blood pressure and blood volume
37
Glucocorticoids
``` Stimulated by ACTH pituitary Cortisol, corticosterone Response to stress Increase blood glucose Increase lipolysis Immune system suppression ```
38
Adrenal medulla
Epinephrine and norepinephrine I released and controlled by hypothalamus back sympathetic stimulation in response to stress. Increase blood glucose, increase lipolysis, increase heart rate and contractile force.
39
Pineal gland
Secretes melatonin Increase production at night Regulation of circadian rhythm Antioxidant functions in nervous system
40
Pancreas
``` Endocrine and exocrine functions Regulation of blood glucose Islets of langerhans Alpha cells: glucagon Beta cells: insulin Delta cells: somatostatin ```
41
Glucagon
In response to decrease in blood sugar less then 70mg/dL. Stimulates: Breakdown of glycogen in liver and muscle Breakdown of triglycerides in adipose tissue Increase in glucose production in the liver
42
Insulin
Response to increased blood glucose levels above 110 mg/dL Stimulates: Glucose uptake by cells liver and adipose All but kidneys and brain Glucose-> glycogen in liver and skeletal muscle Increase in triglyceride formation in adipose
43
Gonads: ovary and testes
Under the control of FSH and LH and GnRH Estrogens Androgens(e.g. Testosterone) Progestins
44
Endocrine hormones structure types
Monoamines Peptides Steroid derivative
45
Endocrine hormone activity and hormone mechanism
Membrane receptors, indirect, alter enzyme activity and alter ion channel activities Intercellular receptors, direct, alter gene expression
46
Membrane receptors
The hormone is the first messenge | The first messenger activates a second messenger, the second Messenger often mandated by G protein
47
Examples of membrane receptors
cAMP concentration controlled cAMP increase-> enzyme activation which in turn open ion channels cAMP decrease-> enzyme in activation
48
Calcium membrane receptors
``` G protein stimulates release or intake of calcium Calcium is a secondary messenger It binds to calmodulin Enzyme binding Activation or deactivation ```
49
Intercellular receptors for steroid hormones
Alter DNA expression in the nucleus, gene activation | Examples: thyroid hormone, alter gene expression and ATP production
50
Control of endocrine reflexes involve
Humoral stimuli, chemical concentration Hormonal stimuli, tropic hormones Neural stimuli, adrenal hormones Usually exhibit negative feedback
51
Stress and adaptation: alarm phase
Sympathetic stimulation of the adrenal Medulla Mobilization of energy stores Increase in blood pressure
52
Stress and adaptation: resistance phase
Depletion of glycogen stores ACTH release-> cortisol Stimulates lipolysis Decrease in immune function
53
Exhaustion phase
Fat reserves depleted-> protein breakdown | Homeostatic crisis->death

Anatomy And Phisyology 211 (13 decks)

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