Glands Flashcards
Hypothalamus
Links the nervous system to endocrine system via the pituitary gland.
Anterior pituitary
Closes to the hypothalamus.
TSH
Thyroid hormone
ACTH
Adrenal cortex hormones
Prolactin
Stimulates the mammary glad to produce milk
Growth hormone
Stimulates cell devotion. And frees up energy reserves.
Posterior pituitary gland
ADH, promotes water retention
OT, seminal secretion, bonding and trust.
Pituitary gigantism
People that produce too much GH.
Thyroid gland
T3 and T4 are the two hormones that are produced by the thyroid.
Increase metabolism and heat.
Calcitonin CT
…
PTH
When blood Ca decrease this hormone is released and the pH of our blood is balanced
Adrenal glands
Cortex 1. Mineralocorticoids 2. Glucocorticoids Medulla 1. Epinephrine 2. Norepinephrine
Mineralocorticoids
Aldosterone, promotes Na retention and the secretion of K. Increase water retention.
Triggered by decrease of blood Na, BP…
Glucocorticoid
Cortisol, human stress hormones.
Corticosterone…
Epinephrine, norepinephrine
…
Pineal gland
Secret melatonin
Regulation of circadian rhythm
Pancreas
Regulated blood glucose levels
Glucagon (mobilizing)
Responds to decrease in blood glucose
Insulin(storing)
Responds to increase in blood sugar.
Stimulates glucose uptake by cells.
The gonads
Ovaries and testes Controlled by FSH, LH and GnRH Estrogens Androgens ex. Testosterone Progestins
Skin hormone production
Cholecaliferol…
Liver hormones
Anti
Hormone structure
Monoamines
Hormone mechanism
Goes everywhere but only effects cell with the correct membrane receptor.
Alter enzyme activity
Alter ion channel activity
Hormone is the first messenger
Activates second messenger
cAMP
Intercellular Communication secretion types.
Direct
Synaptic
Paracrine
Endocrine
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamic hormones (tropic hormones)
Controls the release of the anterior pituitary hormones.
Releasing (RH) and inhibiting (IH) hormones.
GHRH/somatostatin (GHIH), TRH, GnRH, CRH
Hypothalamus hormone production, released by the posterior pituitary
ADH and Oxytocin
Neural control of adrenal hormone release releases what?
E and NE
Anterior pituitary produces tropic hormones that regulate other endocrine organs or glands.
TSH-stimulate the release of thyroid hormones
ACTH- stimulates the release of adrenal cortex hormones
Gonadotropins- FSH and LH
Prolactin(PRL) stimulates mammary gland development and milk production.
Growth hormone (GH) stimulates cell division, freeze up energy reserves
Posterior pituitary gland releases hormones synthesized by the hypothalamus
Antidiuretic hormone (a DH) promotes water retention Oxytocin (OT) stimulates uterine contraction, milk release, seminal secretions, bonding and trust
Thyroid gland
Follicular cell: Controlled by the hypothalamus (TRH) and anterior pituitary (TSH) T4 T3 Increases metabolism and he production
Parafollicular cells
Calcitonin (CT)
Decreases blood calcium levels
Inhibits osteoclast activity
Increases calcium excretion in kidneys
Parathyroid gland
Produces parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Increases blood calcium levels
Stimulates osteoclast division
Increases calcium kidney reabsorption
Increases calcium absorption by G.I. tract
Stimulates calcite idol production by kidneys
Adrenal glands
Adrenal cortex hormones (corticosteroids)
Mineralocorticoids: targets kidneys
Aldosterone
Promotes sodium retention and potassium excretion in kidneys
Increases water retention
Triggered by decrease in blood sodium levels, blood pressure and blood volume
Glucocorticoids
Stimulated by ACTH pituitary Cortisol, corticosterone Response to stress Increase blood glucose Increase lipolysis Immune system suppression
Adrenal medulla
Epinephrine and norepinephrine I released and controlled by hypothalamus back sympathetic stimulation in response to stress. Increase blood glucose, increase lipolysis, increase heart rate and contractile force.
Pineal gland
Secretes melatonin
Increase production at night
Regulation of circadian rhythm
Antioxidant functions in nervous system
Pancreas
Endocrine and exocrine functions Regulation of blood glucose Islets of langerhans Alpha cells: glucagon Beta cells: insulin Delta cells: somatostatin
Glucagon
In response to decrease in blood sugar less then 70mg/dL.
Stimulates:
Breakdown of glycogen in liver and muscle
Breakdown of triglycerides in adipose tissue
Increase in glucose production in the liver
Insulin
Response to increased blood glucose levels above 110 mg/dL
Stimulates:
Glucose uptake by cells liver and adipose
All but kidneys and brain
Glucose-> glycogen in liver and skeletal muscle
Increase in triglyceride formation in adipose
Gonads: ovary and testes
Under the control of FSH and LH and GnRH
Estrogens
Androgens(e.g. Testosterone)
Progestins
Endocrine hormones structure types
Monoamines
Peptides
Steroid derivative
Endocrine hormone activity and hormone mechanism
Membrane receptors, indirect, alter enzyme activity and alter ion channel activities
Intercellular receptors, direct, alter gene expression
Membrane receptors
The hormone is the first messenge
The first messenger activates a second messenger, the second Messenger often mandated by G protein
Examples of membrane receptors
cAMP concentration controlled
cAMP increase-> enzyme activation which in turn open ion channels
cAMP decrease-> enzyme in activation
Calcium membrane receptors
G protein stimulates release or intake of calcium Calcium is a secondary messenger It binds to calmodulin Enzyme binding Activation or deactivation
Intercellular receptors for steroid hormones
Alter DNA expression in the nucleus, gene activation
Examples: thyroid hormone, alter gene expression and ATP production
Control of endocrine reflexes involve
Humoral stimuli, chemical concentration
Hormonal stimuli, tropic hormones
Neural stimuli, adrenal hormones
Usually exhibit negative feedback
Stress and adaptation: alarm phase
Sympathetic stimulation of the adrenal Medulla
Mobilization of energy stores
Increase in blood pressure
Stress and adaptation: resistance phase
Depletion of glycogen stores
ACTH release-> cortisol
Stimulates lipolysis
Decrease in immune function
Exhaustion phase
Fat reserves depleted-> protein breakdown
Homeostatic crisis->death
