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Anatomy And Phisyology 211 > Glands > Flashcards

Glands Flashcards

1
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Links the nervous system to endocrine system via the pituitary gland.

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2
Q

Anterior pituitary

A

Closes to the hypothalamus.

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3
Q

TSH

A

Thyroid hormone

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4
Q

ACTH

A

Adrenal cortex hormones

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5
Q

Prolactin

A

Stimulates the mammary glad to produce milk

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6
Q

Growth hormone

A

Stimulates cell devotion. And frees up energy reserves.

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7
Q

Posterior pituitary gland

A

ADH, promotes water retention

OT, seminal secretion, bonding and trust.

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8
Q

Pituitary gigantism

A

People that produce too much GH.

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9
Q

Thyroid gland

A

T3 and T4 are the two hormones that are produced by the thyroid.
Increase metabolism and heat.

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10
Q

Calcitonin CT

A

…

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11
Q

PTH

A

When blood Ca decrease this hormone is released and the pH of our blood is balanced

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12
Q

Adrenal glands

A 
Cortex
1. Mineralocorticoids 
2. Glucocorticoids
Medulla
1. Epinephrine 
2. Norepinephrine
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13
Q

Mineralocorticoids

A

Aldosterone, promotes Na retention and the secretion of K. Increase water retention.
Triggered by decrease of blood Na, BP…

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14
Q

Glucocorticoid

A

Cortisol, human stress hormones.

Corticosterone…

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15
Q

Epinephrine, norepinephrine

A

…

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16
Q

Pineal gland

A

Secret melatonin

Regulation of circadian rhythm

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17
Q

Pancreas

A

Regulated blood glucose levels

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18
Q

Glucagon (mobilizing)

A

Responds to decrease in blood glucose

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19
Q

Insulin(storing)

A

Responds to increase in blood sugar.

Stimulates glucose uptake by cells.

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20
Q

The gonads

A 
Ovaries and testes
Controlled by FSH, LH and GnRH
Estrogens
Androgens ex. Testosterone 
Progestins
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21
Q

Skin hormone production

A

Cholecaliferol…

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22
Q

Liver hormones

A

Anti

23
Q

Hormone structure

A

Monoamines

24
Q

Hormone mechanism

A

Goes everywhere but only effects cell with the correct membrane receptor.
Alter enzyme activity
Alter ion channel activity

25
Q

Hormone is the first messenger

A

Activates second messenger

cAMP

26
Q

Intercellular Communication secretion types.

A

Direct
Synaptic
Paracrine
Endocrine

27
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Hypothalamic hormones (tropic hormones)
Controls the release of the anterior pituitary hormones.
Releasing (RH) and inhibiting (IH) hormones.
GHRH/somatostatin (GHIH), TRH, GnRH, CRH

28
Q

Hypothalamus hormone production, released by the posterior pituitary

A

ADH and Oxytocin

29
Q

Neural control of adrenal hormone release releases what?

A

E and NE

30
Q

Anterior pituitary produces tropic hormones that regulate other endocrine organs or glands.

A

TSH-stimulate the release of thyroid hormones
ACTH- stimulates the release of adrenal cortex hormones
Gonadotropins- FSH and LH
Prolactin(PRL) stimulates mammary gland development and milk production.
Growth hormone (GH) stimulates cell division, freeze up energy reserves

31
Q

Posterior pituitary gland releases hormones synthesized by the hypothalamus

A 
Antidiuretic hormone (a DH) promotes water retention
Oxytocin (OT) stimulates uterine contraction, milk release, seminal secretions, bonding and trust
32
Q

Thyroid gland

A 
Follicular cell:
Controlled by the hypothalamus (TRH) and anterior pituitary (TSH)
T4
T3
Increases metabolism and he production
33
Q

Parafollicular cells

A

Calcitonin (CT)
Decreases blood calcium levels
Inhibits osteoclast activity
Increases calcium excretion in kidneys

34
Q

Parathyroid gland

A

Produces parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Increases blood calcium levels
Stimulates osteoclast division
Increases calcium kidney reabsorption
Increases calcium absorption by G.I. tract
Stimulates calcite idol production by kidneys

35
Q

Adrenal glands

A

Adrenal cortex hormones (corticosteroids)

Mineralocorticoids: targets kidneys

36
Q

Aldosterone

A

Promotes sodium retention and potassium excretion in kidneys
Increases water retention
Triggered by decrease in blood sodium levels, blood pressure and blood volume

37
Q

Glucocorticoids

A 
Stimulated by ACTH pituitary 
Cortisol, corticosterone 
Response to stress
Increase blood glucose
Increase lipolysis
Immune system suppression
38
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine I released and controlled by hypothalamus back sympathetic stimulation in response to stress. Increase blood glucose, increase lipolysis, increase heart rate and contractile force.

39
Q

Pineal gland

A

Secretes melatonin
Increase production at night
Regulation of circadian rhythm
Antioxidant functions in nervous system

40
Q

Pancreas

A 
Endocrine and exocrine functions
Regulation of blood glucose
Islets of langerhans
 Alpha cells: glucagon
 Beta cells: insulin
 Delta cells: somatostatin
41
Q

Glucagon

A

In response to decrease in blood sugar less then 70mg/dL.
Stimulates:
Breakdown of glycogen in liver and muscle
Breakdown of triglycerides in adipose tissue
Increase in glucose production in the liver

42
Q

Insulin

A

Response to increased blood glucose levels above 110 mg/dL
Stimulates:
Glucose uptake by cells liver and adipose
All but kidneys and brain
Glucose-> glycogen in liver and skeletal muscle
Increase in triglyceride formation in adipose

43
Q

Gonads: ovary and testes

A

Under the control of FSH and LH and GnRH
Estrogens
Androgens(e.g. Testosterone)
Progestins

44
Q

Endocrine hormones structure types

A

Monoamines
Peptides
Steroid derivative

45
Q

Endocrine hormone activity and hormone mechanism

A

Membrane receptors, indirect, alter enzyme activity and alter ion channel activities
Intercellular receptors, direct, alter gene expression

46
Q

Membrane receptors

A

The hormone is the first messenge

The first messenger activates a second messenger, the second Messenger often mandated by G protein

47
Q

Examples of membrane receptors

A

cAMP concentration controlled
cAMP increase-> enzyme activation which in turn open ion channels
cAMP decrease-> enzyme in activation

48
Q

Calcium membrane receptors

A 
G protein stimulates release or intake of calcium
Calcium is a secondary messenger
It binds to calmodulin
Enzyme binding
Activation or deactivation
49
Q

Intercellular receptors for steroid hormones

A

Alter DNA expression in the nucleus, gene activation

Examples: thyroid hormone, alter gene expression and ATP production

50
Q

Control of endocrine reflexes involve

A

Humoral stimuli, chemical concentration
Hormonal stimuli, tropic hormones
Neural stimuli, adrenal hormones
Usually exhibit negative feedback

51
Q

Stress and adaptation: alarm phase

A

Sympathetic stimulation of the adrenal Medulla
Mobilization of energy stores
Increase in blood pressure

52
Q

Stress and adaptation: resistance phase

A

Depletion of glycogen stores
ACTH release-> cortisol
Stimulates lipolysis
Decrease in immune function

53
Q

Exhaustion phase

A

Fat reserves depleted-> protein breakdown

Homeostatic crisis->death

Anatomy And Phisyology 211 (13 decks)

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