ANS 2

Question 1

Normal sympathetic activity

Answer 1

Targeted homeostatic mechanisms

EX. Metabolization of energy stores, increase cardiac output, sweating, people dilation

Question 2

Sympathetic activation

Answer 2

Activation of entire sympathetic system, crisis management

Question 3

Parasympathetic activity

Answer 3

Pupil contraction
Increased digestive activity, secretion and peristalsis
Anaerobic activities (insulin release)
“bathroom activities”
Reduced metabolic function: heart rate and respiration
Sexual arousal

Question 4

Autonomic communication via the parasympathetic receptors. chlinergic, NT: acetylcholine

Answer 4

Nicotinic receptors

Muscarinic receptors

Question 5

Nicotinic receptors

Answer 5

ACh binding-> Na channels open-> depolarization (excitatory)

EX. All autonomic postganglionic neurons, adrenal medullae

Question 6

Mescarinic

Answer 6

ACh binding-> G protein activation-> activation\inhibition of a factor cell activity via secondary messengers.
EX. Increase gland is secretion, decreased cardiac muscle activity

Question 7

Autonomic communication via the sympathetic receptors. Adrenergic (NT: Norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E)

Answer 7

Alpha receptors

Beta receptors

Question 8

Alpha-1 receptors

Answer 8

Bind to NE (normal sympathetic control) or E
Stimulate calcium release from ER
Usually excitatory
example: contraction, secretion

Question 9

Alpha-2 receptors

Answer 9

Decrease cAMP levels
Usually inhibitory
Example: digestive activity

Question 10

Beta receptors

Answer 10

Bind to epinephrine and norepinephrine

Increase cAMP levels in target cells

Question 11

Beta-1 receptors

Answer 11

Excitatory: increase cardiac contraction

Question 12

Beta-2 receptors

Answer 12

Smooth muscle relaxation

Example: respiratory smooth muscle relaxation resulting in vasodilation and bronchodilation

Question 13

Beta-3 receptors

Answer 13

Stimulates lipolysis in adipocytes.

Question 14

Signal degradation, or breakdown

Answer 14

Acetylcholine-> acetylcholinesterase 
Norepinephrine and Epinephrine
1. Monoamine oxidase (MOA)
2. Catechol-O-methyranferase (COMT)
3. Liver

Question 15

Dual innervation

Answer 15

Opposing (antagonistic) effects at effectors

Present at most visceral organs: digestive track, heart, lungs, eyes

Question 16

Autonomic tone

Answer 16

To controllable gas/brake pedals in operation at all times

Question 17

Single innervation

Answer 17

Sometimes only the PSNS or SNS Controls an effector.

Example: Vasoconstriction and reproductive activity

Question 18

Autonomic receptors that controls autonomic activity

Answer 18

Baroreceptors and chemoreceptors

Question 19

Autonomic control center: cerebral cortex

Answer 19

Emotions can influence autonomic activity

Examples: fear anxiety and arousal

Question 20

Autonomic control center: hypothalamus

Answer 20

Primary control center of autonomic activity. Via the connection to the pituitary gland

Question 21

Autonomic control center: mid brain and brain stem

Answer 21

Cardiovascular control
Respiratory control
Sweating, swallowing, bladder control, pupils, salvation, and digestive secretion

Question 22

Autonomic control center: spinal cord

Answer 22

Autonomic (short) reflexes
Micturation
Defecation
Sexual arousal