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Anatomy And Phisyology 211 > Spinal Cord And Somatic Reflexes > Flashcards

Spinal Cord And Somatic Reflexes Flashcards

1
Q

Sectional anatomy of the nervous system.

A

Gray matter: neural cell bodies

White matter: axons, tracts

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2
Q

Outside world sensors

A

Somatic

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3
Q

Inside world sensors

A

Visceral

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4
Q

Sight, hearing, taste, smell, and equilibrium

A

Special senses!

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5
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Sensory information to the brain via afferent nerves.

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6
Q

Sensory information goes to?

A

The CNS, the control center! Where integration takes place!

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7
Q

Peripheral nervous that exit the brain

A

Motor neurons! Efferent nerves.

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8
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

PNS that control skeletal muscle

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9
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic. Effectors: smooth muscle, glands, adipose tissue.

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10
Q

Sympathetic

A

Flight are flight. Sweating.

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11
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Resting and digesting.

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12
Q

Central nervous system organization

A

Tracts (white matter)and centers (gray matter) and tracts (white matter).
Centers, integrate information

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13
Q

Decussation

A

?

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14
Q

Nerves are mostly?

A

Axons!

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15
Q

Spinal cord function

A

Conduction of information between sensors, CNS and effectors.
Integration or reflexes

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16
Q

Meninges

A
  1. Dura mater
  2. Arachnoid mater
  3. Pita mater
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17
Q

Sectional anatomy of the spinal cord.

A

Gray matter: neural cell bodies.
White matter: tracts (axons)
“Elevator”

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18
Q

Ascending tracts

A

Sensory! Up!

Neural pathways: first, second and third order neurons.

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19
Q

First order neuron

A

Afferent

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20
Q

Second order neurons

A

Interneuron

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21
Q

Third order neuron

A

Thalamus

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22
Q

Gracile fasciculus

A

Carries sensation of trunk and movement, deep touch, visceral pain and vibration.
Below T6.
To the thalamus

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23
Q

Cuneate fasciculus

A

Caries sensation of movement, deep touch, visceral pain, and vibration.
Above T6
To thalamus

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24
Q

Spinothalamic

A

Carries sensations of light touch, itch, temperatures, pain and pressure.
To thalamus

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25
Q

Spinoreticular

A

Carries sensations of pain and injury.

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26
Q

Spinocerebellar

A

Carries information on muscle position. (Proprioception)

Goes to cerebellum

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27
Q

Descending tract organization

A

Upper neuron: originates in the brain
Lower motor neuron: innervated muscle as part of NMJ
Synapse at grey horns.

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28
Q

Corticospinal

A

Fine control of limbs.

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29
Q

Tectospinal

A

Reflexive head movement

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30
Q

Reticulospinal

A

Balance and posture, regulation of awareness of pain.

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31
Q

Vestibulospinal

A

Lateral: valence and posture.
Medial: control of head position.

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32
Q

Spinal nerves

A

Carry sensory input and motor output. PNS!

Location!

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33
Q

Dermatomes

A

Region of skin innervated by spinal nerves.

Can be used to locate spinal damage.

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34
Q

Reflex arc

A 
Stimulus
Sensory neuron activation
Integration by interneuron
Motor neuron activation
Effector response
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35
Q

Reflex properties

A

Require stimulation
Rapid
Involuntary
Non-variable

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36
Q

Muscle spindles

A

Proprioceptors:

Give information on muscle position.

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37
Q

Intrafusal fibers

A

Afferent neurons monitor rate of change (primary) and the length (secondary).

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38
Q

Muscle spinal activity: motor neurons

A

Alpha: extrafusal fibers
Gamma: intrafusal fibers

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39
Q

Somatic reflexes

A

Affecting muscles

40
Q

Stretch reflex

A

As a muscle is stretched: can involve many neurons or as little as two.
Tone increases
Maintains posture
Stabilizes movement

41
Q

Monosynaptic reflexes

A

Patellar reflex
No interneurons!
Sensor directly stimulants motor neuron.
Primary

42
Q

Polysynaptic reflexes

A

One or more interneurons connect afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) signals.

43
Q

Withdrawal reflexes

A

Stimulated by painful stimuli.
Reciprocal inhibition
1. Contraction of the agonists.
2. Relaxation of antagonists

44
Q

Crossed extensor reflex

A

Painful stimulus to foot while walking
One side contraction of agonist, relaxation of antagonists.
Reversed on the other side.

45
Q

Tendon reflex

A

A stretch reflex, when the stretch is created by a blow upon a muscle tendon.

46
Q

Decussation

A

In anatomy the term chiasma or chiasm means nearly the same as decussation.

47
Q

Contralateral

A

relating to or denoting the side of the body opposite to that on which a particular structure or condition occurs.

48
Q

Ipsilateral

A

belonging to or occurring on the same side of the body.

49
Q

Proprioceptor

A

a sensory receptor that receives stimuli from within the body, especially one that responds to position and movement.

50
Q

Extrafusal fibers

A

Extrafusal muscle fibers are the skeletal standard muscle fibers that are innervated by alpha motor neurons and generate tension by contracting, thereby allowing for skeletal movement. They make up large mass of skeletal (striated) muscle and are attached to bone by fibrous tissue extensions (tendons).

51
Q

Gamma motor neuron

A

is a type of lower motor neuron that takes part in the process of muscle contraction, and represents about 30% of fibers going to the muscle.

52
Q

Primary afferent fiber

A

A spinal reflex in which a painful (pressure) stimulus applied to a toe, coronary band or heel bulb, results in a flexion, or withdrawal, of the leg. A test of the integrity of the reflex arc and sensory pathways. Called also withdrawal reflex.

53
Q

Spinal cord function

A

Conduction of information between sensors , control centers (CNS) and effectors.
Integration of reflexes.

54
Q

What is a somatic reflex?

A

Somatic reflexes involve the stimulation of skeletal muscles by the somatic division of the nervous system.
Ex Patellar reflex. Achielles, Corneal,

55
Q

The over all structure of the nervous system.

A
  1. CNS, brain and spinal cord.

2. PNS, everything outside of the brain and spinal cord.

56
Q

Reflex

A

Requires stimulation
Very rapid! Ex. Removing your hand from a hot stove.
Involuntary
Non-variable

57
Q

Reflex arc

A
  1. Stimulus
  2. Sensory neuron activation. Opening MGC. Depolarization!
  3. Integration by interneurons. In the spinal cord.
  4. Motor neuron activation.
  5. Effector response
    Homeostatic feedback loop
58
Q

Muscle spindles: Proprioceptors

A

Give information on muscle position
Intrafusal fibers
Afferent neurons monitor rate of change(primary) and length(secondary). Rate is more important.

59
Q

Alpha neurons

A

Extrafusal fibers (NMJ)

60
Q

Gamma neurons: efferent

A

Go to Intrafusal fibers

61
Q

CNS organization

A

Tracts and centers and tracts

62
Q

Spinal cord function

A
  1. Conduction of information between sensors, Control centers and effectors.
  2. Integration of reflexes.
63
Q

Peripheral Organization

A

Nerves and ganglia.

64
Q

Ascending tracts

A

The pathway by which sensory information from the PNS is sent to the CNS
Neural pathways: first-second-third order neurons.

65
Q

Gracile fasciculus

A

Carries sensations of trunk position and movement, deep touch, visceral pain, and vibration below T6

66
Q

Cuneate fasciculus

A

Carries sensations of movement, deep touch, visceral pain, and vibration above T6

67
Q

Spinothalamic

A

Carries sensation of light touch, itch, temperature, pain, and pressure

68
Q

Spinoreticular

A

Carrie sensation of pain from injury

69
Q

Spinocerebellar

A

Carries information on muscle position (proprioception)

70
Q

Desending tracts

A

Pathways where motor information is sent from the brain to lower motor neurons.

71
Q

Upper motor neuron

A

Originates in the brain

72
Q

Lower motor neurons

A

Innervated muscle as part of the NMJ.

73
Q

Corticospinal

A

Fine control of limbs

74
Q

Tectospinal

A

Reflexive head movement

75
Q

Reticulospinal

A

Balance and posture, regulation of awareness of pain.

76
Q

Vestibulospinal

A

Lateral: balance and posture
Medial: control of head position

77
Q

Spinal nerves

A

Carrie sensory input and motor output

Location location location!

78
Q

Dermatomes

A

Region of skin innervated by spinal nerves. Can be used to locate spinal damage.

79
Q

Reflex overview

A

Require stimulation
Rapid
Involuntary
Nonvariable

80
Q

Reflex arc

A 
Stimulus
Sensory neuron activation
Integration by inter-neurons
Motor neuron activation
Effector response
81
Q

Muscle spindles

A

Proprioceptors

Give information about muscle position

82
Q

Intrafusal fibers

A

A Ferent neurons monitor rate of change Open parentheses primary) and link (secondary)
Muscle spindle activity

83
Q

Alpha motor neurons

A

Extrafusal fibers, generate tension by contracting there by allowing skeletal muscle movement.

84
Q

Gamma motor neurons

A

Intrafusal fibers, detect the amount and rate of change in length of muscle

85
Q

Stretch reflex

A

As a muscles is stretched, tone increases
Maintains posture and balance and stabilize his movements
Can involve multiple neurons, or as little as two

86
Q

Monosynaptic reflexes

A

Only involves two to neurons. What is sensory and one motor. No Interneurons!
EX. Patellar reflex

87
Q

Polysynaptic reflexes

A

One or more Interneurons connect Afferent (sensory) and Efferent (motor) signals.

88
Q

Withdrawal or flexor reflex (Polysynaptic)

A

Stimulated by painful stimuli
Reciprocal inhibition
Contraction of agonists
Relaxation of antagonists

89
Q

Crossed extensor reflex

A

Painful stimulus to foot while walking
One side contraction of agonist, relaxation of antagonist
Reversed on the other side

90
Q

Tendon reflex

A

Caused by a blow upon a muscle tendon and example would be the patellar reflex

91
Q

Decussation

A

An example would be the optic chiasma

92
Q

Contralateral

A

Relating to the side of the body opposite to that on which a particular structure or condition occurs.

93
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Referring to occurring on the same side of the body

94
Q

Primary afferent fiber

A

Constantly monitors how fast a muscle stretch changes

95
Q

Secondary afferent fiber

A

Constantly monitoring how fast a muscle stretch changes

Anatomy And Phisyology 211 (13 decks)

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