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the body's defenses Flashcards

1
Q

all pathogenic prokaryotes known to date are archaea/bacteria

A

bacteria

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2
Q

bacteria cause what fraction of all human diseases

A

1/2

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3
Q

some bacterial diseases are transmitted by other species such as…………..

A

ticks and fleas

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4
Q

prokaryotic pathogens usually cause illness by producing what

A

poisons

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5
Q

what are the 2 classes of poison

A

endotoxin

exotoxin

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6
Q

what is an exotoxin

A

a toxic protein that is secreted by a prokaryote or other pathogens that produces specific symptoms even if the pathogen is no longer present

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7
Q

what is an endotoxin

A

a toxic component of the outer membrane (lipopolysaccharide) of certain gram negative bacteria that is released only when the bacteria die

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8
Q

how can horizontal gene transfer transform normally harmless bacteria into pathogens

A

horizontal gene transfer can spread genes associated with virulence e.g. E.coli is normally harmless but a pathogenic strain has evolved

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9
Q

what are the 3 types of symbiosis

A

mutualism
commensalism
parasitism

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10
Q

what are chemoautotrophic bacteria

A

they harvest chemical energy from compounds such as hydrogen sulphide e.g. in a hydrothermal vent

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11
Q

what are arthropods

A

segmented bodies with a hard exoskeleton and jointed appendages e.g. insects, spiders, crabs, lice and fleas

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12
Q

do arthropods have an open or closed circulatory system

A

open

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13
Q

what are zoonotic pathogens

A

those that are transferred to humans from other animals either through direct contact with an infected animal or by means of an intermediate species called a vector

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14
Q

give examples of parasites that spread zoonotic diseases

A

ticks, lice and mosquitos

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15
Q

why is identifying the dominant host for a pathogen important

A

you can then target the host to control spreading of the disease

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16
Q

for a particular locus, which genotype has the greatest fitness

A

heterozygotes

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17
Q

what is an epidemic

A

a general outbreak of disease with higher incidence than would normally be expected for a particular geography or population

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18
Q

what is an endemic

A

the constant presence and/or usual prevalence of a disease for a particular geography or population

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19
Q

what is a pandemic

A

a global epidemic spreading across continents

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20
Q

which human behaviours in history have influenced epidemic disease

A 
exploration
changes in patterns of trade 
warfare 
famine 
poverty, overcrowding and poor living conditions
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21
Q

how have human behaviours influenced epidemic disease

A

they brought the opportunity for infectious agent to expand beyond its original ‘disease pool’ with devastating effect

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22
Q

what was the black death

A

Bubonic plague - the first pandemic

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23
Q

what organism carried the bubonic plague

A

fleas

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24
Q

how did the fleas infect humans with the plague

A

they jumped from black rats to humans

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25
what type of transmission does the plague fall under
zoonosis - jump from one species to another
26
what are symptoms of the plague
gangrene of extremities rapid onset and appearance of buboes infection of the lymphatic system
27
what id the vector species in plague transmission
infected fleas
28
what bacterium causes plague
Yersinia pestis
29
how can plague be treated
with antibiotics unless the strain is resistant
30
how can plague be prevented
pest control (rod of the rats)
31
how is small pox spread
by droplets
32
what are the symptoms of small pox
high fever and flu like illnesses | rash - infectious pustules
33
what are the two types of influenza
A and B
34
which type of influenza has caused pandemics
A
35
which influenza A antigen is important for binding to the host cell
hemagglutinin
36
which influenza A antigen is important for release from infected cell
neuraminidase
37
why does influenza A cause pandemics
antigenic drift - caused by gene mutation and antigen variation
38
what is Spanish flu
bird to human transmission of the avian virus
39
what type of transmission does the Spanish flu show
zoonosis
40
how is syphilis spread
by sexual contact - can result in still birth or deformities
41
how is syphilis treated
penicillin injection
42
which disease is known as the disease of war and famine
typhus
43
what is typhus caused by
an obligate intracellular bacterium
44
how are typhus bacterium transmitted to humans
via body lice
45
what are symptoms of typhus
fever, chills, headache, muscle pain, confusion, rash
46
what is typhus treated with
antibiotics
47
are typhoid fever and typhus the same thing
NOOOOOOOOOOOOOO!!!!!
48
what is typhoid fever caused by
salmonella typhi bacterium | it has to be ingested
49
how can salmonella typhi be ingested
water contaminated with faecal matter
50
what are typhoid fever symptoms
headache, fever, abdominal pain (enlarged spleen/liver), diarrhoea/constipation, rash
51
how can typhoid fever be controlled
safe drinking water proper sewage disposal antibiotics vaccines
52
what are the virulent factors of the typhoid life cycle involved in
in symptom development and immune evasion
53
what bacteria causes cholera
vibrio cholerae - when ingested from faecal matter
54
how many types of vibrio cholerae cause disease
2
55
what is the natural habitat of vibrio cholerae
freshwater, brackish and coastal-water habitats
56
what is the action of vibrio cholerae
it produces a toxin that modifies a g protein involved in slat and water regulation cAMP is continuously made resulting in intestinal cells secreting a large amount of salts into the intestines along with water by osmosis causing major diarrhoea
57
how can cholera be controlled
safe drinking water proper sewage disposal antibiotics vaccines
58
what is polio
Illness through gastrointestinal infection by poliovirus
59
what does the poliovirus do
replicate in motor neurons if invade CNS
60
how is poliovirus transmitted
mainly through contact with faeces
61
what are the 2 types of polio vaccine
sabin and salk
62
what are the sabin vaccines made of
attenuated viruses
63
what are the salk vaccines made of
inactivated vaccine (used in UK since 2004)
64
what is TB caused by
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB)
65
TB has a latent form, what does this mean
it is non infectious at this stage
66
how is TB spread
person to person through air
67
what are symptoms of TB
cough, night sweats, chest pain, coughing up blood/mucous
68
what are treatments for TB
6 month course of antimicrobial drugs
69
what are methods of TB prevention
vaccination
70
what is the treatment for HIV
lifelong drug treatment - no cure
71
what is a parasite
‘A parasite is an organism living in or on another living organisms, obtaining from it part or all of its organic nutrition, commonly exhibiting some degree of adaptive structural modification and potentially causing some degree of damage to its host
72
what is prevalence
the proportion of a population infected (e.g.3%)
73
what is incidence
• Incidence – the proportion infected in a unit of time i.e. the number of new infections e.g. 3% per week
74
what is intensity
the number of parasites per host
75
what is mortality
the number of deaths in a unit of time
76
what is morbidity
the amount of ill – health/disability in a unit of time
77
what is DALY
Disability adjusted life year – a measure of overall disease burden. The number of years of lost to ill health, disability or early death
78
what are ectoparasites
live on the organism e.g. lice
79
what are endo parasites
live in the organism e.g. tapeworms, toxoplasma gondii
80
what are NTDs
neglected tropical diseases - diseases that cause substantial illness for more than one billion people globally.
81
what are examples of NTDs
schistosomiasis
82
infection rates and disease burdens of NETs are greatest where
poorest communities lacking infrastructure and sanitation.
83
what are ascaris lumbricoides
round worms
84
what can ascaris lumbricoides be treated with
Oral albendazole, mebendazole and/or Ivermectin
85
How is schistosomiasis transmitted
in water
86
what is the cycle of schistosomiasis
``` parasitic eggs in water larvae hatch and infect snails - the vector larvae released into water penetrate human skin larvae mature into worms cause liver problems worms lay eggs that cause damage eggs released into water via urine or faeces ```
87
how to cure schistosomiasis
using drugs
88
prevention of schistosomiasis
treatment of breeding snails
89
what is the plasmodium life cycle
``` transmission to human via mosquito bite sporozoites enter liver and infect hepatocytes liver cells rupture sexual cycle mosquito ingests gametocytes sporozoites develop ```
90
why don't we have vaccines for schistosomiasis and malaria
* Complex life cycles, with multiple stages in different tissues * High level of antigenic variation, e.g. blood stage malaria * Multiple immune evasion strategies (eg sequestration) * Parasites are able to suppress the immune system

A (17 decks)

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