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A > the body's defenses > Flashcards

the body's defenses Flashcards

1
Q

all pathogenic prokaryotes known to date are archaea/bacteria

A

bacteria

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2
Q

bacteria cause what fraction of all human diseases

A

1/2

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3
Q

some bacterial diseases are transmitted by other species such as…………..

A

ticks and fleas

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4
Q

prokaryotic pathogens usually cause illness by producing what

A

poisons

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5
Q

what are the 2 classes of poison

A

endotoxin

exotoxin

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6
Q

what is an exotoxin

A

a toxic protein that is secreted by a prokaryote or other pathogens that produces specific symptoms even if the pathogen is no longer present

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7
Q

what is an endotoxin

A

a toxic component of the outer membrane (lipopolysaccharide) of certain gram negative bacteria that is released only when the bacteria die

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8
Q

how can horizontal gene transfer transform normally harmless bacteria into pathogens

A

horizontal gene transfer can spread genes associated with virulence e.g. E.coli is normally harmless but a pathogenic strain has evolved

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9
Q

what are the 3 types of symbiosis

A

mutualism
commensalism
parasitism

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10
Q

what are chemoautotrophic bacteria

A

they harvest chemical energy from compounds such as hydrogen sulphide e.g. in a hydrothermal vent

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11
Q

what are arthropods

A

segmented bodies with a hard exoskeleton and jointed appendages e.g. insects, spiders, crabs, lice and fleas

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12
Q

do arthropods have an open or closed circulatory system

A

open

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13
Q

what are zoonotic pathogens

A

those that are transferred to humans from other animals either through direct contact with an infected animal or by means of an intermediate species called a vector

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14
Q

give examples of parasites that spread zoonotic diseases

A

ticks, lice and mosquitos

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15
Q

why is identifying the dominant host for a pathogen important

A

you can then target the host to control spreading of the disease

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16
Q

for a particular locus, which genotype has the greatest fitness

A

heterozygotes

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17
Q

what is an epidemic

A

a general outbreak of disease with higher incidence than would normally be expected for a particular geography or population

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18
Q

what is an endemic

A

the constant presence and/or usual prevalence of a disease for a particular geography or population

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19
Q

what is a pandemic

A

a global epidemic spreading across continents

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20
Q

which human behaviours in history have influenced epidemic disease

A 
exploration
changes in patterns of trade 
warfare 
famine 
poverty, overcrowding and poor living conditions
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21
Q

how have human behaviours influenced epidemic disease

A

they brought the opportunity for infectious agent to expand beyond its original ‘disease pool’ with devastating effect

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22
Q

what was the black death

A

Bubonic plague - the first pandemic

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23
Q

what organism carried the bubonic plague

A

fleas

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24
Q

how did the fleas infect humans with the plague

A

they jumped from black rats to humans

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25
Q

what type of transmission does the plague fall under

A

zoonosis - jump from one species to another

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26
Q

what are symptoms of the plague

A

gangrene of extremities
rapid onset and appearance of buboes
infection of the lymphatic system

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27
Q

what id the vector species in plague transmission

A

infected fleas

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28
Q

what bacterium causes plague

A

Yersinia pestis

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29
Q

how can plague be treated

A

with antibiotics unless the strain is resistant

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30
Q

how can plague be prevented

A

pest control (rod of the rats)

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31
Q

how is small pox spread

A

by droplets

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32
Q

what are the symptoms of small pox

A

high fever and flu like illnesses

rash - infectious pustules

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33
Q

what are the two types of influenza

A

A and B

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34
Q

which type of influenza has caused pandemics

A

A

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35
Q

which influenza A antigen is important for binding to the host cell

A

hemagglutinin

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36
Q

which influenza A antigen is important for release from infected cell

A

neuraminidase

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37
Q

why does influenza A cause pandemics

A

antigenic drift - caused by gene mutation and antigen variation

38
Q

what is Spanish flu

A

bird to human transmission of the avian virus

39
Q

what type of transmission does the Spanish flu show

A

zoonosis

40
Q

how is syphilis spread

A

by sexual contact - can result in still birth or deformities

41
Q

how is syphilis treated

A

penicillin injection

42
Q

which disease is known as the disease of war and famine

A

typhus

43
Q

what is typhus caused by

A

an obligate intracellular bacterium

44
Q

how are typhus bacterium transmitted to humans

A

via body lice

45
Q

what are symptoms of typhus

A

fever, chills, headache, muscle pain, confusion, rash

46
Q

what is typhus treated with

A

antibiotics

47
Q

are typhoid fever and typhus the same thing

A

NOOOOOOOOOOOOOO!!!!!

48
Q

what is typhoid fever caused by

A

salmonella typhi bacterium

it has to be ingested

49
Q

how can salmonella typhi be ingested

A

water contaminated with faecal matter

50
Q

what are typhoid fever symptoms

A

headache, fever, abdominal pain (enlarged spleen/liver), diarrhoea/constipation, rash

51
Q

how can typhoid fever be controlled

A

safe drinking water
proper sewage disposal
antibiotics
vaccines

52
Q

what are the virulent factors of the typhoid life cycle involved in

A

in symptom development and immune evasion

53
Q

what bacteria causes cholera

A

vibrio cholerae - when ingested from faecal matter

54
Q

how many types of vibrio cholerae cause disease

A

2

55
Q

what is the natural habitat of vibrio cholerae

A

freshwater, brackish and coastal-water habitats

56
Q

what is the action of vibrio cholerae

A

it produces a toxin that modifies a g protein involved in slat and water regulation
cAMP is continuously made resulting in intestinal cells secreting a large amount of salts into the intestines along with water by osmosis causing major diarrhoea

57
Q

how can cholera be controlled

A

safe drinking water
proper sewage disposal
antibiotics
vaccines

58
Q

what is polio

A

Illness through gastrointestinal infection by poliovirus

59
Q

what does the poliovirus do

A

replicate in motor neurons if invade CNS

60
Q

how is poliovirus transmitted

A

mainly through contact with faeces

61
Q

what are the 2 types of polio vaccine

A

sabin and salk

62
Q

what are the sabin vaccines made of

A

attenuated viruses

63
Q

what are the salk vaccines made of

A

inactivated vaccine (used in UK since 2004)

64
Q

what is TB caused by

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB)

65
Q

TB has a latent form, what does this mean

A

it is non infectious at this stage

66
Q

how is TB spread

A

person to person through air

67
Q

what are symptoms of TB

A

cough, night sweats, chest pain, coughing up blood/mucous

68
Q

what are treatments for TB

A

6 month course of antimicrobial drugs

69
Q

what are methods of TB prevention

A

vaccination

70
Q

what is the treatment for HIV

A

lifelong drug treatment - no cure

71
Q

what is a parasite

A

‘A parasite is an organism living in or on another living organisms, obtaining from it part or all of its organic nutrition, commonly exhibiting some degree of adaptive structural modification and potentially causing some degree of damage to its host

72
Q

what is prevalence

A

the proportion of a population infected (e.g.3%)

73
Q

what is incidence

A

• Incidence – the proportion infected in a unit of time i.e. the number of new infections e.g. 3% per week

74
Q

what is intensity

A

the number of parasites per host

75
Q

what is mortality

A

the number of deaths in a unit of time

76
Q

what is morbidity

A

the amount of ill – health/disability in a unit of time

77
Q

what is DALY

A

Disability adjusted life year – a measure of overall disease burden. The number of years of lost to ill health, disability or early death

78
Q

what are ectoparasites

A

live on the organism e.g. lice

79
Q

what are endo parasites

A

live in the organism e.g. tapeworms, toxoplasma gondii

80
Q

what are NTDs

A

neglected tropical diseases - diseases that cause substantial illness for more than one billion people globally.

81
Q

what are examples of NTDs

A

schistosomiasis

82
Q

infection rates and disease burdens of NETs are greatest where

A

poorest communities lacking infrastructure and sanitation.

83
Q

what are ascaris lumbricoides

A

round worms

84
Q

what can ascaris lumbricoides be treated with

A

Oral albendazole, mebendazole and/or Ivermectin

85
Q

How is schistosomiasis transmitted

A

in water

86
Q

what is the cycle of schistosomiasis

A 
parasitic eggs in water
larvae hatch and infect snails - the vector
larvae released into water 
penetrate human skin
larvae mature into worms
cause liver problems 
worms lay eggs that cause damage
eggs released into water via urine or faeces
87
Q

how to cure schistosomiasis

A

using drugs

88
Q

prevention of schistosomiasis

A

treatment of breeding snails

89
Q

what is the plasmodium life cycle

A 
transmission to human via mosquito bite
sporozoites enter liver and infect hepatocytes
liver cells rupture
sexual cycle
mosquito ingests gametocytes
sporozoites develop
90
Q

why don’t we have vaccines for schistosomiasis and malaria

A
  • Complex life cycles, with multiple stages in different tissues
  • High level of antigenic variation, e.g. blood stage malaria
  • Multiple immune evasion strategies (eg sequestration)
  • Parasites are able to suppress the immune system

A (17 decks)

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