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A > Animal Physiology And Cell Tissues - organ systems, epithelium and connective > Flashcards

Animal Physiology And Cell Tissues - organ systems, epithelium and connective Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the main components of the digestive organ system?

A

Mouth, pharnyx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, anus

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2
Q

What are the main components of the circulatory organ system

A

Heart, blood vessels, blood

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3
Q

What are the main components of the respiratory organ system

A

Lungs, trachea, breathing tubes

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4
Q

What are the main components of the immune and lymphatic organ system

A

Bone marrow, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, lymph vessels

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5
Q

What are the main components of the excretory organ system

A

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

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6
Q

What are the main components of the endocrine organ system

A

Pituitory, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal and other hormone secreting glands

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7
Q

What are the main components of the reproductive organ system

A

Ovaries or testes and other associated organs

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8
Q

What are the main components of the nervous organ system

A

Brain, spinal chord, nerves, sensory organs

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9
Q

What are the main components of the integumentary organ system

A

Skin and it’s derivatives (such as hair, claws and sweat glands)

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10
Q

what are the main components of the skeletal organ system

A

skeleton (bones, ligaments, tendons, cartilage)

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11
Q

what are the main components of the muscular organ system

A

skeletal muscles

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12
Q

what are the main functions of the digestive organ system

A

food processing (ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination)

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13
Q

what are the main functions of the circulatory organ system

A

internal distribution of materials

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14
Q

what are the main functions of the respiratory organ system

A

gas exchange (uptake of oxygen, disposal of carbon dioxide)

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15
Q

what are the main functions of the immune and lymphatic organ system

A

body defence (fighting infections and virally induced cancers)

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16
Q

what are the main functions of the excretory organ system

A

disposal of metabolic waste, regulation of osmotic balance of blood

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17
Q

what are the main functions of the endocrine organ system

A

coordination of body activities (such as digestion and metabolism)

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18
Q

what are the main functions of the reproductive organ system

A

gamete production, promotion of fertilization, support of developing embryo

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19
Q

what are the main functions of the nervous organ system

A

coordination of body activities, detection of stimuli and formulation of response to them

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20
Q

what are the main functions of the integumentary organ system

A

protection against mechanical injury, infection, dehydration; thermoregulation

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21
Q

what are the main functions of the skeletal organ system

A

body support, protection of internal organs, movement

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22
Q

what are the main functions of the muscular organ system

A

locomotion and other movement

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23
Q

what is epithelial tissue

A

a tissue that covers the outside of the body and lines organs and cavities within the body

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24
Q

how are epithelial cells packed

A

very closely together often with tight conjunctions. They function as a barrier to mechanical injury, pathogens and fluid loss

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25
Q

what is stratified squamous epithelium

A

it is multi-layered and regenerates rapidly. New cells formed by division near the basal surface push outward, replacing cells that are sloughed off.

It is commonly found on surfaces subject to abrasion, such as the outer skin and the linings of the mouth, anus and vagina

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26
Q

what is pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

column shape .consists of a single layer of cells varying in height, shape and position of their nuclei.

In many vertebrates a pseudostratified epithelium of ciliated cells forms a mucous membrane that lines portions of the respiratory tract. The beating cilia sweep the film of mucous along the surface.

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27
Q

what is simple squamous epithelium

A

A single layer of plate like cells that form a simple squamous epithelium functions in the exchange of material by diffusion.

The epithelium is thin and leaky and lines blood vessels and the air sacs of the lungs, where diffusion of nutrients and gases is critical

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28
Q

what is simple columnar epithelium

A

A single layer of cells. They are large brick shaped cells often found where secretion or active absorption is important.

It lines the intestines, secreting digestive juices and absorbing nutrients.

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29
Q

what is cuboidal epithelium

A

A single layer of cells. Has dice shaped cells that often form a hollow tube.

They are specialised for secretion and make up the epithelium of kidney tubules and many glands, including the thyroid gland and the salivary glands

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30
Q

Are all epithelia polarised

A

yes

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31
Q

explain the polarity of epithelia

A

being polarized means they have 2 different sides. The apical surface faces the lumen (cavity) or outside of the organ and is exposed to fluid or air. The opposite side of the epithelium is the basal surface.

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32
Q

what often covers the apical surface of the epithelia

A

Specialized projections often cover this surface. The apical surface of the epithelium lining the small intestine is covered with microvilli, projections that increase the surface area available for absorbing nutrients

33
Q

what is the hierarchy of structural order

A 
organisms
organs
tissues
cells 
cell organelles 
molecules 
atoms
34
Q

what is anatomy

A

study of the structures of the body

35
Q

what is physiology

A

study of the functions of the structures of the body

36
Q

what is cell differentiation

A

The development of cells with specialised structure and function from unspecialised precursor cells. It results from gene expression

37
Q

give an example of a protist

A

protozoa- plasmodium

38
Q

give an example of bacteria

A

staphylococcus aureus

39
Q

what is a tissue

A

groups of cells with a common structure and function

40
Q

name the 4 categories of tissue

A

epithelium
connective
muscle
nerve

41
Q

what is an important role of epithelial cells

A

secretion and absorption e.g. secretion of mucous to line stomach

42
Q

what is connective tissue

A

cells sparsely distributed within an extracellular matrix that can be solid, jelly like or liquid

43
Q

which type of tissue often contains a web of protein fibres

A

connective tissue

44
Q

name the three types of fibres in the intercellular matrix of connective tissue:

A

collagen fibres
elastic fibres
reticular fibres

45
Q

describe the structure of collagen fibres

A

strong, flexible, non-elastic. Found in bundles often twisted together

46
Q

describe the structure of elastic fibres

A

made of elastin, make elastic tissue, occur in networks or sheets

47
Q

describe the structure of reticular fibres

A

thin and highly branched. they join connective tissue to adjacent tissues

48
Q

what other cells are found in the matrix of connective tissue

A

fibroblasts - secrete fibre proteins

macrophages - engulf foreign particles and any cell debris by phagocytosis

49
Q

name the six different types of connective tissue

A 
cartilage
blood
adipose tissue
bone 
fibrous connective tissue 
loose connective tissue
50
Q

describe the blood as a connective tissue

A

It becomes most tissue like when you hurt yourself.

it has a liquid extracellular matrix called plasma which consists of water, salts and proteins.

51
Q

what cells are suspended in the blood plasma

A

erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells) and platelets (cell fragments).

52
Q

what do red blood cells carry

A

oxygen

53
Q

what is the function of white blood cells

A

defence (immune response)

54
Q

what is the function of platelets

A

aid in blood clotting

55
Q

what is cartilage made of

A

collagen fibres embedded in a protein-carbohydrate complex called chondroitin sulfate. This gives cartilage its strong yet flexible structure

56
Q

what type of cells secrete collagen and chondroitin sulfate

A

chondrocytes

57
Q

What is adipose tissue

A

A type of connective tissue. It is specialised loose connective tissue that store fat in adipose cells distributed in its matrix

58
Q

what do adipose tissue pads provide

A

insulate the body, store fuel as fat molecules, provide protection e.g. dog feet

59
Q

when does the fat droplet in adipose cells shrink

A

when the body uses the fat as fuel

60
Q

when does the fat droplet in adipose cells swell

A

when fat is stored

61
Q

the skeleton of most vertebrates is made of what

A

bone - a mineralized connective tissue

62
Q

what is an osteoblast

A

bone forming cells - they secrete bone around them - they deposit a matrix of collagen

63
Q

what are the repeating units of bone called

A

osteons

64
Q

what remodels bone

A

osteoblasts and osteoclasts

65
Q

do bones have a blood supply

A

yes - it gets rid of waste and supplies nutrients

66
Q

do bones have nerves

A

yes - hence why it hurts to break a bone

67
Q

what fibrous connective tissue made of

A

dense with collagen fibres

68
Q

where is fibrous connective tissue found

A

in tendons - attach muscles to bones

in ligaments - attach bones at joints

69
Q

which connective tissue provides really high tensile strength

A

fibrous connective tissue - all the fibres run in the same direction, it has a rope like structure and strength

70
Q

what kind of protein is collagen

A

a glycoprotein

71
Q

what can happen if there is a loss of chondroitin sulphate from cartilage

A

osteoarthritis - bone grinds against bone, joints swell

72
Q

which connective tissue is the most widespread in the vertebrate body

A

loose connective tissue

73
Q

what is the role of loose connective tissue

A

binds epithelia to underlying tissues and holds organs in place e.g. the digestive system. attaches skin to tissues

74
Q

which type of connective tissue is a loose weave of fibres

A

loose connective tissue

75
Q

which connective tissue contains all three fibre types

A

loose connective tissue - contains elastic, collagen and reticular fibres

76
Q

where is loose connective tissue found

A

in the skin and throughout the body

77
Q

what does the suffix blast mean

A

to make

78
Q

what does the suffix clast mean

A

to maintain

A (17 decks)

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