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A > Animal Physiology And Cell Tissues - organ systems, epithelium and connective > Flashcards

Animal Physiology And Cell Tissues - organ systems, epithelium and connective Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the main components of the digestive organ system?

A

Mouth, pharnyx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, anus

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2
Q

What are the main components of the circulatory organ system

A

Heart, blood vessels, blood

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3
Q

What are the main components of the respiratory organ system

A

Lungs, trachea, breathing tubes

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4
Q

What are the main components of the immune and lymphatic organ system

A

Bone marrow, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, lymph vessels

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5
Q

What are the main components of the excretory organ system

A

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

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6
Q

What are the main components of the endocrine organ system

A

Pituitory, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal and other hormone secreting glands

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7
Q

What are the main components of the reproductive organ system

A

Ovaries or testes and other associated organs

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8
Q

What are the main components of the nervous organ system

A

Brain, spinal chord, nerves, sensory organs

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9
Q

What are the main components of the integumentary organ system

A

Skin and it’s derivatives (such as hair, claws and sweat glands)

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10
Q

what are the main components of the skeletal organ system

A

skeleton (bones, ligaments, tendons, cartilage)

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11
Q

what are the main components of the muscular organ system

A

skeletal muscles

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12
Q

what are the main functions of the digestive organ system

A

food processing (ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination)

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13
Q

what are the main functions of the circulatory organ system

A

internal distribution of materials

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14
Q

what are the main functions of the respiratory organ system

A

gas exchange (uptake of oxygen, disposal of carbon dioxide)

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15
Q

what are the main functions of the immune and lymphatic organ system

A

body defence (fighting infections and virally induced cancers)

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16
Q

what are the main functions of the excretory organ system

A

disposal of metabolic waste, regulation of osmotic balance of blood

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17
Q

what are the main functions of the endocrine organ system

A

coordination of body activities (such as digestion and metabolism)

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18
Q

what are the main functions of the reproductive organ system

A

gamete production, promotion of fertilization, support of developing embryo

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19
Q

what are the main functions of the nervous organ system

A

coordination of body activities, detection of stimuli and formulation of response to them

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20
Q

what are the main functions of the integumentary organ system

A

protection against mechanical injury, infection, dehydration; thermoregulation

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21
Q

what are the main functions of the skeletal organ system

A

body support, protection of internal organs, movement

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22
Q

what are the main functions of the muscular organ system

A

locomotion and other movement

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23
Q

what is epithelial tissue

A

a tissue that covers the outside of the body and lines organs and cavities within the body

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24
Q

how are epithelial cells packed

A

very closely together often with tight conjunctions. They function as a barrier to mechanical injury, pathogens and fluid loss

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25
what is stratified squamous epithelium
it is multi-layered and regenerates rapidly. New cells formed by division near the basal surface push outward, replacing cells that are sloughed off. It is commonly found on surfaces subject to abrasion, such as the outer skin and the linings of the mouth, anus and vagina
26
what is pseudostratified columnar epithelium
column shape .consists of a single layer of cells varying in height, shape and position of their nuclei. In many vertebrates a pseudostratified epithelium of ciliated cells forms a mucous membrane that lines portions of the respiratory tract. The beating cilia sweep the film of mucous along the surface.
27
what is simple squamous epithelium
A single layer of plate like cells that form a simple squamous epithelium functions in the exchange of material by diffusion. The epithelium is thin and leaky and lines blood vessels and the air sacs of the lungs, where diffusion of nutrients and gases is critical
28
what is simple columnar epithelium
A single layer of cells. They are large brick shaped cells often found where secretion or active absorption is important. It lines the intestines, secreting digestive juices and absorbing nutrients.
29
what is cuboidal epithelium
A single layer of cells. Has dice shaped cells that often form a hollow tube. They are specialised for secretion and make up the epithelium of kidney tubules and many glands, including the thyroid gland and the salivary glands
30
Are all epithelia polarised
yes
31
explain the polarity of epithelia
being polarized means they have 2 different sides. The apical surface faces the lumen (cavity) or outside of the organ and is exposed to fluid or air. The opposite side of the epithelium is the basal surface.
32
what often covers the apical surface of the epithelia
Specialized projections often cover this surface. The apical surface of the epithelium lining the small intestine is covered with microvilli, projections that increase the surface area available for absorbing nutrients
33
what is the hierarchy of structural order
``` organisms organs tissues cells cell organelles molecules atoms ```
34
what is anatomy
study of the structures of the body
35
what is physiology
study of the functions of the structures of the body
36
what is cell differentiation
The development of cells with specialised structure and function from unspecialised precursor cells. It results from gene expression
37
give an example of a protist
protozoa- plasmodium
38
give an example of bacteria
staphylococcus aureus
39
what is a tissue
groups of cells with a common structure and function
40
name the 4 categories of tissue
epithelium connective muscle nerve
41
what is an important role of epithelial cells
secretion and absorption e.g. secretion of mucous to line stomach
42
what is connective tissue
cells sparsely distributed within an extracellular matrix that can be solid, jelly like or liquid
43
which type of tissue often contains a web of protein fibres
connective tissue
44
name the three types of fibres in the intercellular matrix of connective tissue:
collagen fibres elastic fibres reticular fibres
45
describe the structure of collagen fibres
strong, flexible, non-elastic. Found in bundles often twisted together
46
describe the structure of elastic fibres
made of elastin, make elastic tissue, occur in networks or sheets
47
describe the structure of reticular fibres
thin and highly branched. they join connective tissue to adjacent tissues
48
what other cells are found in the matrix of connective tissue
fibroblasts - secrete fibre proteins | macrophages - engulf foreign particles and any cell debris by phagocytosis
49
name the six different types of connective tissue
``` cartilage blood adipose tissue bone fibrous connective tissue loose connective tissue ```
50
describe the blood as a connective tissue
It becomes most tissue like when you hurt yourself. | it has a liquid extracellular matrix called plasma which consists of water, salts and proteins.
51
what cells are suspended in the blood plasma
erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells) and platelets (cell fragments).
52
what do red blood cells carry
oxygen
53
what is the function of white blood cells
defence (immune response)
54
what is the function of platelets
aid in blood clotting
55
what is cartilage made of
collagen fibres embedded in a protein-carbohydrate complex called chondroitin sulfate. This gives cartilage its strong yet flexible structure
56
what type of cells secrete collagen and chondroitin sulfate
chondrocytes
57
What is adipose tissue
A type of connective tissue. It is specialised loose connective tissue that store fat in adipose cells distributed in its matrix
58
what do adipose tissue pads provide
insulate the body, store fuel as fat molecules, provide protection e.g. dog feet
59
when does the fat droplet in adipose cells shrink
when the body uses the fat as fuel
60
when does the fat droplet in adipose cells swell
when fat is stored
61
the skeleton of most vertebrates is made of what
bone - a mineralized connective tissue
62
what is an osteoblast
bone forming cells - they secrete bone around them - they deposit a matrix of collagen
63
what are the repeating units of bone called
osteons
64
what remodels bone
osteoblasts and osteoclasts
65
do bones have a blood supply
yes - it gets rid of waste and supplies nutrients
66
do bones have nerves
yes - hence why it hurts to break a bone
67
what fibrous connective tissue made of
dense with collagen fibres
68
where is fibrous connective tissue found
in tendons - attach muscles to bones | in ligaments - attach bones at joints
69
which connective tissue provides really high tensile strength
fibrous connective tissue - all the fibres run in the same direction, it has a rope like structure and strength
70
what kind of protein is collagen
a glycoprotein
71
what can happen if there is a loss of chondroitin sulphate from cartilage
osteoarthritis - bone grinds against bone, joints swell
72
which connective tissue is the most widespread in the vertebrate body
loose connective tissue
73
what is the role of loose connective tissue
binds epithelia to underlying tissues and holds organs in place e.g. the digestive system. attaches skin to tissues
74
which type of connective tissue is a loose weave of fibres
loose connective tissue
75
which connective tissue contains all three fibre types
loose connective tissue - contains elastic, collagen and reticular fibres
76
where is loose connective tissue found
in the skin and throughout the body
77
what does the suffix blast mean
to make
78
what does the suffix clast mean
to maintain

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