Animal Physiology And Cell Tissues - organ systems, epithelium and connective Flashcards
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What are the main components of the digestive organ system?
Mouth, pharnyx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, anus
What are the main components of the circulatory organ system
Heart, blood vessels, blood
What are the main components of the respiratory organ system
Lungs, trachea, breathing tubes
What are the main components of the immune and lymphatic organ system
Bone marrow, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, lymph vessels
What are the main components of the excretory organ system
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
What are the main components of the endocrine organ system
Pituitory, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal and other hormone secreting glands
What are the main components of the reproductive organ system
Ovaries or testes and other associated organs
What are the main components of the nervous organ system
Brain, spinal chord, nerves, sensory organs
What are the main components of the integumentary organ system
Skin and it’s derivatives (such as hair, claws and sweat glands)
what are the main components of the skeletal organ system
skeleton (bones, ligaments, tendons, cartilage)
what are the main components of the muscular organ system
skeletal muscles
what are the main functions of the digestive organ system
food processing (ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination)
what are the main functions of the circulatory organ system
internal distribution of materials
what are the main functions of the respiratory organ system
gas exchange (uptake of oxygen, disposal of carbon dioxide)
what are the main functions of the immune and lymphatic organ system
body defence (fighting infections and virally induced cancers)
what are the main functions of the excretory organ system
disposal of metabolic waste, regulation of osmotic balance of blood
what are the main functions of the endocrine organ system
coordination of body activities (such as digestion and metabolism)
what are the main functions of the reproductive organ system
gamete production, promotion of fertilization, support of developing embryo
what are the main functions of the nervous organ system
coordination of body activities, detection of stimuli and formulation of response to them
what are the main functions of the integumentary organ system
protection against mechanical injury, infection, dehydration; thermoregulation
what are the main functions of the skeletal organ system
body support, protection of internal organs, movement
what are the main functions of the muscular organ system
locomotion and other movement
what is epithelial tissue
a tissue that covers the outside of the body and lines organs and cavities within the body
how are epithelial cells packed
very closely together often with tight conjunctions. They function as a barrier to mechanical injury, pathogens and fluid loss
what is stratified squamous epithelium
it is multi-layered and regenerates rapidly. New cells formed by division near the basal surface push outward, replacing cells that are sloughed off.
It is commonly found on surfaces subject to abrasion, such as the outer skin and the linings of the mouth, anus and vagina
what is pseudostratified columnar epithelium
column shape .consists of a single layer of cells varying in height, shape and position of their nuclei.
In many vertebrates a pseudostratified epithelium of ciliated cells forms a mucous membrane that lines portions of the respiratory tract. The beating cilia sweep the film of mucous along the surface.
what is simple squamous epithelium
A single layer of plate like cells that form a simple squamous epithelium functions in the exchange of material by diffusion.
The epithelium is thin and leaky and lines blood vessels and the air sacs of the lungs, where diffusion of nutrients and gases is critical
what is simple columnar epithelium
A single layer of cells. They are large brick shaped cells often found where secretion or active absorption is important.
It lines the intestines, secreting digestive juices and absorbing nutrients.
what is cuboidal epithelium
A single layer of cells. Has dice shaped cells that often form a hollow tube.
They are specialised for secretion and make up the epithelium of kidney tubules and many glands, including the thyroid gland and the salivary glands
Are all epithelia polarised
yes
explain the polarity of epithelia
being polarized means they have 2 different sides. The apical surface faces the lumen (cavity) or outside of the organ and is exposed to fluid or air. The opposite side of the epithelium is the basal surface.
what often covers the apical surface of the epithelia
Specialized projections often cover this surface. The apical surface of the epithelium lining the small intestine is covered with microvilli, projections that increase the surface area available for absorbing nutrients
what is the hierarchy of structural order
organisms organs tissues cells cell organelles molecules atoms
what is anatomy
study of the structures of the body
what is physiology
study of the functions of the structures of the body
what is cell differentiation
The development of cells with specialised structure and function from unspecialised precursor cells. It results from gene expression
give an example of a protist
protozoa- plasmodium
give an example of bacteria
staphylococcus aureus
what is a tissue
groups of cells with a common structure and function
name the 4 categories of tissue
epithelium
connective
muscle
nerve
what is an important role of epithelial cells
secretion and absorption e.g. secretion of mucous to line stomach
what is connective tissue
cells sparsely distributed within an extracellular matrix that can be solid, jelly like or liquid
which type of tissue often contains a web of protein fibres
connective tissue
name the three types of fibres in the intercellular matrix of connective tissue:
collagen fibres
elastic fibres
reticular fibres
describe the structure of collagen fibres
strong, flexible, non-elastic. Found in bundles often twisted together
describe the structure of elastic fibres
made of elastin, make elastic tissue, occur in networks or sheets
describe the structure of reticular fibres
thin and highly branched. they join connective tissue to adjacent tissues
what other cells are found in the matrix of connective tissue
fibroblasts - secrete fibre proteins
macrophages - engulf foreign particles and any cell debris by phagocytosis
name the six different types of connective tissue
cartilage blood adipose tissue bone fibrous connective tissue loose connective tissue
describe the blood as a connective tissue
It becomes most tissue like when you hurt yourself.
it has a liquid extracellular matrix called plasma which consists of water, salts and proteins.
what cells are suspended in the blood plasma
erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells) and platelets (cell fragments).
what do red blood cells carry
oxygen
what is the function of white blood cells
defence (immune response)
what is the function of platelets
aid in blood clotting
what is cartilage made of
collagen fibres embedded in a protein-carbohydrate complex called chondroitin sulfate. This gives cartilage its strong yet flexible structure
what type of cells secrete collagen and chondroitin sulfate
chondrocytes
What is adipose tissue
A type of connective tissue. It is specialised loose connective tissue that store fat in adipose cells distributed in its matrix
what do adipose tissue pads provide
insulate the body, store fuel as fat molecules, provide protection e.g. dog feet
when does the fat droplet in adipose cells shrink
when the body uses the fat as fuel
when does the fat droplet in adipose cells swell
when fat is stored
the skeleton of most vertebrates is made of what
bone - a mineralized connective tissue
what is an osteoblast
bone forming cells - they secrete bone around them - they deposit a matrix of collagen
what are the repeating units of bone called
osteons
what remodels bone
osteoblasts and osteoclasts
do bones have a blood supply
yes - it gets rid of waste and supplies nutrients
do bones have nerves
yes - hence why it hurts to break a bone
what fibrous connective tissue made of
dense with collagen fibres
where is fibrous connective tissue found
in tendons - attach muscles to bones
in ligaments - attach bones at joints
which connective tissue provides really high tensile strength
fibrous connective tissue - all the fibres run in the same direction, it has a rope like structure and strength
what kind of protein is collagen
a glycoprotein
what can happen if there is a loss of chondroitin sulphate from cartilage
osteoarthritis - bone grinds against bone, joints swell
which connective tissue is the most widespread in the vertebrate body
loose connective tissue
what is the role of loose connective tissue
binds epithelia to underlying tissues and holds organs in place e.g. the digestive system. attaches skin to tissues
which type of connective tissue is a loose weave of fibres
loose connective tissue
which connective tissue contains all three fibre types
loose connective tissue - contains elastic, collagen and reticular fibres
where is loose connective tissue found
in the skin and throughout the body
what does the suffix blast mean
to make
what does the suffix clast mean
to maintain
