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nervous system part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 5 groups of neurotransmitters

A

acetyl choline
gases - e.g. nitric oxide
amino acids - e.g. glutamate
biogenic amines - synthesised from amino acids e.g. norepinephrine, serotonin
neuropeptides - short chains of amino acids e.g. endorphins

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2
Q

name some nervous system disorders

A

schizophrenia
depression
Alzheimer’s disease
Parkinson’s disease

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3
Q

what is Parkinson’s disease

A

a nervous system disorder that is more common with advancing age
symptoms include difficulty initiating movement, stiffness, muscle tremors, and poor balance
it is caused by death of neurons in the midbrain which normally release dopamine

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4
Q

what is a neurotransmitter

A

a molecule that is released at the synaptic terminal of a neuron at the chemical synapse, diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to the postsynaptic cell, triggering a response

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5
Q

what is depression

A

a nervous system disorder characterized by a depressed mood, abnormalities in sleep, appetite and energy levels
there are two types - bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder
results from lack of
it is caused by lack of activity of biogenic amine neurotransmitters
fluoxetine can be used as a treatment - selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

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6
Q

what are SSRIs and what is their role as antidepressants

A

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor - they increase the extracellular level of the neurotransmitter serotonin by limiting its reabsorption (reuptake) into the presynaptic cell, increasing the level of serotonin in the synaptic cleft available to bind to the postsynaptic receptor

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7
Q

what is the role of dopamine

A

attention, problem-solving, and memory and enjoyment

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8
Q

what is the role of serotonin (biogenic amine)

A

an inhibitory neurotransmitter, meaning that it doesn’t give the next neuron the signal to fire. Serotonin is involved with mood, as well as your sleep cycle

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9
Q

what is the role of GABA (biogenic amine - made from glutamate amino acids)

A

an inhibitory neurotransmitter that helps to balance any neurons that might be over-firing. helpful with anxiety or fear because the release of GABA helps to calm you down. involved in vision and motor control

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10
Q

what is the function of norepinephrine and epinephrine (made from amino acids - biogenic amines)

A

excitatory neurotransmitter that helps to activate the sympathetic nervous system, which is your “fight or flight” response to a stressor.

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11
Q

what do pleasure drugs do to the reward system

A

they enhance it

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12
Q

give examples of pleasure drugs that act on the reward system

A

cocaine, heroin, amphetamine, alcohol and tobacco

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13
Q

do most pleasure drugs affect ore than one neurotransmitter

A

yes e.g. alcohol affects Dopamine, GABA, endorphin, glutamate…….

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14
Q

how does cocaine affect the reward system

A

it floods the synaptic cleft with dopamine and block removal
the body then responds with negative feedback resulting in
- reduced dopamine release
- reduced receptor density
- reduced metabolism of brain areas
which contribute to withdrawal syndrome

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15
Q

what are the cell that have a receptor for a hormone called

A

target cells

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16
Q

which organ system is responsible for chemical signalling by hormones

A

the endocrine system

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17
Q

which 2 organ systems tend to overlap in control of chemical signalling

A

endocrine and nervous system

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18
Q

what are the steps in endocrine signalling

A

hormones are secreted into extracellular fluid by endocrine cells
the hormones reach the target cells via the bloodstream

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19
Q

what are the main functions of endocrine signalling

A

to maintain homeostasis
to mediate responses to environmental stimuli
regulation of growth and development
triggers physical/behavioural changes underlying sexual maturity and reproduction

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20
Q

what are the 3 major chemical classes of hormones

A

polypeptides
steroids
amines

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21
Q

what type of hormone is insulin

A

polypeptide

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22
Q

what type of hormone is cortisol

A

steroids

23
Q

what type of hormones are epinephrine and thyroxine

A

amines

24
Q

how do water soluble and lipid soluble hormones differ

A

location of receptor proteins in target cells:

  • water soluble hormones travel freely in the bloodstream
  • water soluble hormones can’t diffuse through target cell membranes so the receptors are on the cell surface (they sometimes alter gene transcription)
  • lipid soluble hormones bind to transport proteins to keep them soluble in the blood
  • lipid soluble hormones diffuse into target cells and bind too receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus (it changes gene transcription)
25
Q

are thyroxine and steroid hormones water soluble or fat soluble

A

fat soluble (hydrophobic)

26
Q

are peptide hormones ad neurotransmitters fat soluble or water soluble

A

water soluble (hydrophilic)

27
Q

what different response can result from a water soluble hormone binding to a cell surface receptor

A

activation of an enzyme
change in uptake/secretion of specific molecules
rearrangement of the cytoskeleton
receptors can cause proteins to move into the nucleus and alter transcription

28
Q

what is signal transduction

A

the conversion of an extracellular signal into an intracellular response

29
Q

what is the signal transduction response to short term stress

A

when in a stressful situation, the adrenal glands on top of the kidneys release epinephrine (adrenaline)
epinephrine binds to a G protein coupled receptor in the plasma membrane of target cells
this triggers a cascade of reactions involving synthesis of cAMP
cAMP activates kinase production which breaks down glycogen and inactivates glycogen synthesis enzymes
the liver releases glucose providing the body with extra fuel

30
Q

what is the signal transduction response to steroid hormones

A

most steroid hormone receptors are in the cytosol
binding of a hormone to the receptor forms a complex that moves into the nucleus
the receptor part of the complex alters transcription of particular genes

31
Q

some endocrine cells are found in organs that are not part of the endocrine system. give an example

A

the stomach contains isolated endocrine cells that help regulate digestive processes by secreting the hormone gastrin

32
Q

what are the ductless organs called where endocrine cells are grouped

A

endocrine glands e.g. thyroid glands

33
Q

what is the difference between endocrine glands and exocrine glands

A

endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the surrounding fluid
exocrine glands have ducts that carry the secreted substances such as sweat or saliva onto body surfaces or into body cavities

34
Q

name the human endocrine glands

A 
thyroid
parathyroid 
adrenal 
ovaries 
testes 
hypothalamus 
pituitary 
pancreas
35
Q

what are the steps in a simple endocrine pathway (negative feedback)

A

endocrine cells respond to a stimulus by secreting hormones
hormone travels in the blood stream to target cells where it interacts with receptors
signal transduction brings about a physiological response
e.g. secretin to neutralise chyme

36
Q

what are the steps in a simple neuroendocrine pathway (positive feedback)

A

stimulus received by a sensory neuron rather than an endocrine tissue
the sensory neuron secretes a neurosecretory cell
the neurosecretory cell secretes a neurohormone which diffuses into the blood stream and travels to target cells
e.g. oxytocin in suckling

37
Q

where are hormones released by the posterior pituitary made

A

the hypothalamus

38
Q

where are hormones releases by the anterior pituitary made

A

the anterior pituitary (makes and produces under regulation of the hypothalamus)

39
Q

in negative feedback, the response ……….. the initial stimulus

A

reduces - it helps restore a pre-existing state

40
Q

in positive feedback, the response ………… the initial stimulus

A

enhances

41
Q

what are the 2 posterior pituitary hormones

A

ADH and oxytocin - they are made in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary to be realised n response to nerve impulses from the hypothalamus

42
Q

hormones released by the hypothalamus trigger the release of ……………… pituitary hormones

A

anterior

43
Q

what are the 2 types of stress

A

rapid - fight or flight

long term - if beyond homeostatic control

44
Q

what are responses to rapid stress

A

liver breaks down glycogen to supply glucose
epinephrine is released into the blood
heart beats faster and stronger - blood pressure rises
fat cells release fatty acids into the blood
blood vessels to gut and skin constrict while more blood flows to the escape muscles

45
Q

………. is produced by the hypothalamus and ………… released by the posterior pituitary in response to long term stress. the adrenal glands then produce …………

A

CRH
ACTH
cortisol

46
Q

what are the actions of cortisol

A
  • Supresses immune response
  • Increases glucogenesis
  • Diverts energy to the CNS
  • Inhibits insulin production
47
Q

what is a circadian cycle

A

a daily cycle

48
Q

what is chronobiology

A

systematic study of adaptations to cope with regular geophysical cycles

49
Q

what is chronotype

A

a person’s natural inclination with regard to the times of day when they prefer to sleep or when they are most alert or energetic.

50
Q

if you find it easy to wake up is your circadian rhythm long or short

A

short

51
Q

if you find it hard to wake up is your circadian rhythm long or short

A

long

52
Q

what is social jetlag

A

when the biological clock is out of sync

53
Q

what do body clocks coordinate with

A

environment keys e.g. sunlight, mealtimes

54
Q

what can an annual or seasonal change in the body clock be a result of

A

hibernation, aestivation, reproduction, migration

A (17 decks)

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