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G12 > The Biological Molecules > Flashcards

The Biological Molecules Flashcards

1
Q

The building block of life because these atoms are the basis for forming the structures of living things and carries out most of life’s functions

A

Carbon

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2
Q

Organic molecules AKA

A

Macromolecules

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3
Q

Chain of carbon atoms

A

Carbon skeleton

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4
Q

Subunit of complex molecules

A

Monomer

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5
Q

When monomers link together, they form complex molecules called

A

Polymers

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6
Q

Connecting monomers to form polymers happens through a process called ___, which removes the water

A

Dehydration reaction

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7
Q

Polymers are disassembled or broken down by the addition of water called

A

Hydrolysis reaction

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8
Q

Carbohydrates produce and is made up of?

A

Produces: Sugar and starch
Made of: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

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9
Q

Lipids produce and is made of?

A

Produces: Fats and oils
Made of: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

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10
Q

Nucleic acids produce and is made of?

A

Produces: Nucleotides
Made of: Carbon Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus

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11
Q

Proteins produce and is made of?

A

Produces: Amino acids
Made of: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

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12
Q

❖most abundant organic
compounds

❖ composed of C, H and O in the
ratio of 1:2:1

❖ Hydrate of Carbon

A

Carbohydrates

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13
Q

Four Chemical Groupings of Carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides

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14
Q

❖ monomers or simple sugars
❖ building block of carbohydrate polymer and
other biological molecules
❖ C6H12O6
❖ Examples: Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
❖ Grains, fruits, vegetables

A

Monosaccharides

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15
Q

Complex sugars made up of two molecules of monosaccharides chemically joined together

❖ Two molecules of simple sugar bonded together
by Glycosidic Bonds (a bond joining a
carbohydrate molecule to another)
❖ Combined two monosaccharides through a
condensation process
❖ Examples: Lactose (milk sugar), Sucrose, Maltose
❖ Most abundant: Sucrose (Glucose + Fructose)
❖ Sucrose is abundant in honey, sugar cane, maple
trees, and sugar beets

A

Disaccharides

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16
Q

A bond joining a
carbohydrate molecule to another

A

Glycosidic Bonds

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17
Q

Combined two monosaccharides through a

A

Condensation process

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18
Q

Glucose + Galactose

  • found naturally in milk
A

Lactose

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19
Q

Glucose + Glucose

  • malt sugar
A

Maltose

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20
Q

Glucose + Fructose

  • table sugar
A

Sucrose

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21
Q

❖ made up of anywhere from two to ten
monosaccharide units linked by glycosidic
bonds.
❖ found in plants
❖ used as a partial substitute for fats and
sugars in some food
❖ used to improve the texture of food
❖ Onions are rich in oligosaccharides

A

Oligosaccharides

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22
Q

❖ consist of hundreds of linked monomers of glucose or other simple sugars

A

Polysaccharides

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23
Q

most important carbohydrate storage in plants

  • stored form of sugar in plants
  • made up of amylose (15-20%, unbranched chain) and
    amylopectin (80-85%, branched)
A

starch

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24
Q

most abundant biological molecule in nature

A

cellulose

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25
Q

major substance in exoskeleton of arthropods and mollusks

A

chitin

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26
Q

main storage form of carbohydrates in animals

A

glycogen

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27
Q

The starch consumed by humans is broken down by enzymes into simple form (maltose and glucose) —
cells then absorb the glucose

A

salivary amylase

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28
Q
  • present in cell wall of plants
  • made of glucose monomers
    linked by β 1-4 glycosidic bonds
  • in grazing animals (ruminants) –
    appendix contain a bacteria that
    digest cellulose
  • in humans, no cellulose —
    cellulose passes as such in stool
A

cellulose

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29
Q
  • made of repeating units of
    N-acetyl-β-d-glucosamine,
    a modified sugar
  • major component of
    arthropods (insects, crabs,
    shrimps) exoskeleton
  • major component of
    fungal cell wall
A

Chitin

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30
Q
  • storage form of sugar in humans/animals
  • made up of monomers of glucose
  • joined by α 1-4 with α 1-6 glycosidic bonds
  • stored in the liver and muscle cells
A

glycogen

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31
Q

Whenever blood glucose levels decrease, glycogen is broken
down to release glucose

A

Glycogenolysis

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32
Q

Monosaccharide

A

Glucose, fructose, galactose
Simple sugar molecule

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33
Q

Dissacharide

A

Sucrose, maltose, lactose
Two sugar molecules linked

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34
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Starch, glycogen, cellulose
Many sugar molecules linked

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35
Q

Dissolve in water and slow down digestion to give you that “full feeling”

A

Soluble fiber

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36
Q

Add bulk to diet and help with constipation, have that “laxative” benefit

A

Insoluble fiber

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37
Q

Good complex carbs example

A

Whole grain bread, brown rice, beans, nuts/seeds, oatmeals, fruits, vegetables, sweet potato, quinoa

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38
Q

Bad simple carbs example

A

White bread, brown/white sugar, white rice, fruit juices, muffins, candies, cookies, pretzels, chip, sugary cereals

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39
Q

Disadvantage of consuming too many carbohydrates

A
  1. Weight gain
  2. Increased type 2 diabetes risk
  3. Poor appetite control
  4. Fluctuating energy levels
  5. Permanent cell and organ damage
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40
Q

Promote nutritional well-being through education, help prevent and treat nutrition-related problems

A

Dietitan

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41
Q

❖ make certain food oily
❖ Lipids found in the body keep us warm.
❖ include fats, oils, waxes, steroids, and
phospholipids
❖ They function as energy storage, as components of membranes, as insulation barriers to avoid thermal, electric, and physical shock; as lipoprotein that facilitates the transport of lipids in blood; as waterproof coating, and as chemical messengers.

A

Lipids

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42
Q

Main types of lipids:

A

Fats & oils and Phospholipids & Steriods

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43
Q

Formation of lipids consists of ____ bonded to ____ molecule

A

3 fatty acids, one glycerol

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44
Q

Lipids are also known as

A

Triglycerides

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45
Q

Most animal fats
Solid at room temperature

A

Fats with saturated fatty acids are saturated fats

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46
Q

Plants and fish fats AKA ____
Liquid at room temperature

A

Oils. Fats with unsaturated fatty acids are unsaturated fats

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47
Q

These are found in fried foods, commercial baked goods, processed food and margarine

A

Trans-fatty acids

48
Q

❖nutrient reserves in animals and plants
❖contain two basic units:

A

-Fats and oils
-Glycerol and fatty acids

49
Q

– corn oil, canola oil, olive oil
(yellowish in color; liquid form at room
temp.)

A

Plants, Fats and Oils

50
Q

lard and butter (whitish in color; solid at room temp.)

A

Animals, Fats and Oils

51
Q

A three-carbon alcohol with three hydroxyl groups attached to each carbon

Highly soluble in water

A

GLYCEROL

52
Q

Long chains of carbon atoms attached to a carboxyl group

Carbon length: short, medium or long

Importance in the diet: essential or nonessential

Number of double bonds: unsaturated, monounsaturated or polyunsaturated

A

FATTY ACIDS

53
Q

❖consists of glycerol molecule, a phosphate
group, and two fatty acids
❖ cell membranes are made of a bilayer of
phospholipids

A

Phospholipids

54
Q

The shape of the phospholipid molecule is
like a ____ with ____.

A

Head (Glycerol phosphate; hydrophilic)
Two tails (Fatty acids; hydrophobic)

55
Q
  • major component of the
    cell membrane
  • composed of fatty acid
    chains attached to a
    glycerol/phosphate head
A

Phospholipids

56
Q

❖ organic compounds with four rings arranged
in a specific configuration
❖ found in cell membranes and functions in
maintaining the fluidity of cell membranes
and in signaling functions
❖ Examples: Sterols and Terpenes

A

Steroids

57
Q

They have important roles in cellular structure, cellular communication, and metabolism.

A

Sterols

58
Q

Primary constituents of the essential oils of many plants and flowers.

Found in plant pigments Carotene and Lycopene

Related to terpenes are Vits. A, D, E, and K, which are essential for blood clotting and maintenance of structural integrity

A

TERPENES

59
Q
  • covers the feathers of birds and leaves of plant
  • waterproof coating for animals and plants
  • made of long chain fatty acids esterified to long-chain
    alcohol
A

Waxes

60
Q

➢ building block of protein
➢ derived from the Amino Group and the
Carboxyl Acid Group
➢ 20 amino acids present in proteins

A

Amino acids

61
Q

long chain of amino acids, called

A

POLYPEPTIDE

62
Q

Each amino acid is attached to
another amino acid by a covalent
bond, known as ___, which is formed by a ____ reaction.

A

Peptide Bond, dehydration

63
Q

The products formed by such linkages
are called

A

peptides

64
Q

As more amino acids join the growing chain, the resulting chain is known as

A

Polypeptide.

65
Q

Each polypeptide has a free Amino
Group at one end which is called the

A

N terminal or Amino Terminal

66
Q

The other end has a free Carboxyl
Group, also known as the

A

C Terminal or Carboxyl Terminal.

67
Q

After Protein Synthesis
(translation), most proteins are
modified. These are known as ___.

A

post-translational modifications

68
Q

4 Levels of Protein Organization

A

Primary Structure, Secondary Structure, Tertiary Structure, Quarternary Structure

69
Q

➢ is simply the order of amino acids in
a polypeptide strand
➢ the main determinant of the overall
structure of the protein and
determines its ultimate biological
function

A

Primary structure

70
Q

➢ Because of this change of one amino
acid, hemoglobin molecules form
long fibers that distort the biconcave
or disc-shaped red blood cells and
assume a crescent or “____” shape,
which clogs arteries.

A

Sickle

71
Q

➢ refers to the local three-dimensional
folding of the polypeptide chain in
the protein
a. Alpha Helix (spiral)
b. Beta Sheet (pleated sheet)

➢ varying arrangements of (weak
hydrogen bonds) are responsible for
these configurations

A

Secondary Structure

72
Q

➢ formed when the distant segments of
a primary structure and the
relationship of the side chains are
bound in a three-dimensional folding
of the entire polypeptide chain.

➢ stabilized by both non-covalent
(hydrophobic interactions,
electrostatic bonds, hydrogen bonding,
van der Waals forces), and covalent
(disulfide) bonds.

A

Tertiary Structure

73
Q

➢ the fitting together of two or
more polypeptide chains,
eventually forming a ____
➢ stabilized by the same bonds as
those in tertiary level
➢ examples: keratin and
hemoglobin

A

functional protein. Quarternary Structure

74
Q

Sequence of a chain of amino acids

A

Primary protein structure

75
Q

Hydrogen bonding of the peptide backbone causes the amino acids to fold into a repeating pattern

A

Secondary protein structure

76
Q

Three-dimensional floating pattern of a protein due to side chain interactions

A

Tertiary protein structure

77
Q

Protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain

A

Quaternary protein structure

78
Q

It gives strength and support to tissues

A

Structural

79
Q

Carry substances around cells or from cell to cell

A

Transport

80
Q

Gene regulation

A

Regulatory

81
Q

Facilitate chemical reactions

A

Enzymes

82
Q

Protect the body from foreign pathogens/antigen

A

Antibodies

83
Q

Chemical messengers

A

Hormones

84
Q

➢ most important
macromolecules for the
continuity of life
➢ they carry the genetic
blueprint (“code of life”) of a
cell and carry instructions for
the functioning of the cell
➢ TYPES:
1. DNA
2. RNA

A

Nucleic acids

85
Q

➢ genetic material found
in all living organisms
➢ controls all of the
cellular activities by
turning the genes “on”
or “off”
➢ exists as a double helix

A

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

86
Q

____ and ____ published in 1953 the classic paper that describes ___ as a ___.

A

James Watson, Francis Crick, DNA, double helix

87
Q

contain the information to make protein products and code for RNA products.

A

Gene

88
Q

➢ mostly involved in protein
synthesis and regulation :
rRNA, tRNA and microRNA
➢ DNA molecules never leave
the nucleus but instead use an
intermediary to communicate
with the rest of the cell :
mRNA

A

RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)

89
Q

monomers that make up DNA and RNA.

A

Nucleotides

90
Q

formed when nucleotides are combined with each other.

A

Polynucleotides

91
Q

Components of Nucleotide:

A
  1. Nitrogenous Base
  2. Pentose (5-carbon) Sugar
  3. Phosphate Group
92
Q

➢ organic molecules that contains carbon and Nitrogen
➢ they are bases because they contain an
amino Group that has the potential of
binding an extra Hydrogen, thus decreases
the hydrogen ion concentration in its
environment making it more basic
➢ Each nucleotide contains 1 of 4 Nitrogenous Bases: Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C) and Thymine (T)

A

Nitrogenous Base

93
Q

contains A, T, G and C

A

DNA

94
Q

contains A, U, G and C

A

RNA

95
Q

➢ Sugar and Phosphate lie on the outside of the helix forming the backbone of the DNA
➢ A certain Purine can only pair with a
certain Pyrimidine
➢ A-T and G-C
➢ Base Complementary Rule

A

DNA Double-Helix Structure

96
Q

➢ Nitrogenous bases, in pairs, are bound to each other by ____ and are
stacked in the interior like staircase.
____.

A

Hydrogen bonds. Pairing is specific

97
Q

If the sequence of one strand is GGC-
CTT-GGA-ACC-TTA, the complementary strand would have the sequence _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

A

TACGAACT

98
Q

DNA Strands are ___ to
each other.

A

complementary

99
Q

➢ mainly involved in the process of protein
synthesis under the direction of DNA
➢ usually single-stranded and is made of
Ribonucleotides that are linked by ____.

A

RNA. Phosphodiester Bonds.

100
Q

➢ carries the message from DNA, which
controls all of the cellular activities in a
cell.

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

101
Q

If the DNA Strand is AAT-TGG-CCA-GTT-
CAA-ATT, the sequence of the complementary RNA is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _.

A
102
Q

mRNA is read in sets of three bases
known as

A

Codons

103
Q

Each codon codes for a

A

single amino acid.

104
Q

the mRNA is ___ and the protein
product is ____

A

mRNA:read , protein product:made

105
Q

➢ major constituents of ribosomes
on which the mRNA binds
➢ ensures the proper alignment of
the mRNA and the ribosomes

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

106
Q

➢ one of the smallest among the
four types of RNA, usually 70-90
nucleotides long
➢ it carries the correct amino acid
to the site of protein synthesis
➢ it is the base pairing between
the tRNA and mRNA that allows
for the correct amino acid to be
inserted in the polypeptide chain

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

107
Q

➢ the smallest RNA molecules
➢ their role involves the regulation of gene
expression by interfering with the expression of certain mRNA messages

A

Micro RNA (miRNA)

108
Q

Information Flow of an Organism

A

➢ DNA → RNA → Protein

109
Q

DNA dictates the structure of mRNA
in a process known as

A

Transcription

DNA/Structure of mRNA:Transcription
RNA/Structure of protein: Translation

110
Q

RNA dictates the structure of
protein in a process known as

A

Translation

DNA/Structure of mRNA:Transcription
RNA/Structure of protein: Translation

111
Q

This is known as the ____, which holds true for all organisms. Exception to the rule occur in connection with viral infections.

A

Central Dogma of Life

112
Q

Serve as the energy source and structural components of organisms

A

Carbohydrates

113
Q

Is the energy storage anf structural macromolecules

A

Lipids

114
Q

Polymers that if amino acids linked by peptide bonds

A

Proteins

115
Q

Blueprint for proteins

A

Nucleic acids: DNA & RNA

116
Q

Most enzymes are

A

Protein

G12 (14 decks)

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