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G12 > General Biology > Flashcards

General Biology Flashcards

1
Q

the science that
studies life and
living things,
including laws
that govern the
phenomena of life.

A

Biology

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2
Q

Those who
specialize in
biology are
known as

A

“biologists” or
“naturalists”.

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3
Q

Hierchal classification

A

Taxonomy

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4
Q

structure and fucntion of plant and animal cell

A

Cytology

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5
Q

formation and development of an embryo or fetus

A

Embryology

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6
Q

description and structure of human body

A

Anatomy

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7
Q

function of single cells & to interaction

A

Physiology

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8
Q

chemical processes within a cell

A

Biochemistry

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9
Q

study of genes and heredity

A

Genetics

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10
Q

descent with inherited modificarions

A

Evolution

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11
Q

study of the environment

A

Ecology

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12
Q

change food into energy

A

metabolism

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13
Q

(complex molecules) from numerous simple ones

A

anabolism

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14
Q

breakdown of complex molecules (simple molecules)

A

catabolism

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15
Q

It is a tool used to study objects too
small to be seen with the unaided
eye.

A

Microscope

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16
Q

It consists of two lenses, each fitted
into the end of a tube within a tube

A

Compound Microscope

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17
Q

The two sets of lenses are called

A

EYEPIECE and the OBJECTIVE.

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18
Q

supports the body tube

A

Arm

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19
Q

contains the magnifying lens you look through

A

eyepiece

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20
Q

maintains the proper distance between the
eyepiece and the objective lens

A

body tube

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21
Q

holds the objective lenses

A

nosepiece

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22
Q

it usually provides a 10x or a 20x
magnification

A

Objective Lens

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23
Q

qhold the slide in place

A

Stage Clips

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24
Q

supports the slide being viewed

A

Stage

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25
Q

regulates the amount of light that gets into the
body tube.

A

Diaphragm

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26
Q

reflects the light upward through the diaphragm,
the specimen, and the lenses.

A

Mirror

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27
Q

supports the microscope

A

Base

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28
Q

moves the body tube up and down for
focusing

A

Adjustment Knob –

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29
Q

The scientific word for focusing
to get a sharp image

A

RESOLUTION.

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30
Q

the
enlarging of an image.

A

MAGNIFICATION

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31
Q

*Dutch lens maker
*Made the first
microscope
*First to observe
microscopic
organisms

A

Anton Van
Leeuwenhoek

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32
Q

*Englishman who
observed cork under a
microscope
*The cork sample was
divided into small
chambers.
*He called these
chambers “cells”.

A

Robert Hooke

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33
Q

Swedish botanist who
developed “Binomial
Nomenclature”

A

Carolus Linnaeus

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34
Q

*British scientist who
developed the idea of
“Natural Selection”,
which led to his famous
“Theory of Evolution”

A

Charles Darwin

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35
Q

*The father of Genetics

A

Gregor Mendel

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36
Q

*They made
observations that led to
the “Cell Theory”

A

Matthias Schleiden
(botanist) and
Theodor Schwann
(zoologist)

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37
Q

The Cell Theory

A

*All living things are
made up of cells.
*Cells are the basic unit
of structure and
function of all living
things.
*All cells come from
pre-existing cells.

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38
Q

*They discovered the
structure of DNA.

A

James Watson
(American
Biologist) and
Francis Crick
(British Physicist)

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39
Q

*American writer and
biologist, warned of the
danger of the increased
use of pesticides and
the damage it was
doing to nature.

A

Rachel Carson

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40
Q

*French Ocean Explorer
*Co-inventor of
“aqualung”

A

Jacques-Yves
Cousteau

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41
Q

They are generally larger and have
very distinct nuclei that are clearly
surrounded by nuclear membranes.

A

Eukaryotic Cells

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42
Q

They lack a nuclear

envelope and membrane-
bound organelles. e.g.

bacterial cell (about 0.2-5
micrometers) and divides
through Binary Fission.

A

Prokaryotic Cells

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43
Q

which only allows
certain molecules
to move into and
out of the cell

A

lipid bilayer

44
Q

molecules which act
as regulators of
fluidity

A

cholesterol

45
Q

fatty acid tails of the
phospholipids

A

“kinks”

46
Q

Composed of
different molecules

A

Mosaic

47
Q

passageway of certain
molecules

A

Channel
Proteins

48
Q

change conformation to
transport molecules

A

Carrier Proteins

49
Q

detect invading
pathogens

A

Cell Recognition
Proteins

50
Q

binding of molecules to
trigger responses

A

Receptor
Proteins

51
Q

subcellular structures are suspended; composed of cytosol

A

Cytoplasm

52
Q

Nucleic acids are synthesized; storage of heredity factors

A

Nucleus

53
Q

Made of DNA and
proteins
* Forms chromosomes
during cell division

A

Chromatin

54
Q

Dense, protein-rich
substance where the
nucleolus is suspended

A

Nucleoplasm

55
Q

Responsible for
ribosome formation
* Rich in proteins and
nucleic acids
* Where rRNA is
transcribed and
assembled

A

Nucleolus

56
Q

Two-layered membrane
* Contains ribosomes on its
outer layer
* Continuous with the ER

A

Nuclear
Membrane

57
Q

It extends from the nucleus to the
cell membrane and takes up quite
a lot of space in some cells. It
moves material from one place to
another place inside the cell.

A

Endoplasmic
Reticulum

58
Q

They are the packaging and
releasing structures of the
cell.

A

Golgi
Apparatus

59
Q

It is the “power
house” of the cell.

A

Mitochondria

60
Q

They contain
chemicals/enzymes that

digest wastes and worn-
out/damaged cell parts.

A

Lysosomes

61
Q

It has a central role in cell division where it participates in the formation of the mitotic spindle

A

Centriole

62
Q

It provides strength
and rigidity to the
cell. It is composed
of cellulose.

A

Cell Wall

63
Q

They are larger and
more centrally
located in plant cells
than in animal cells.

A

Water Vacuoles

64
Q

They carry out the
photosynthetic
function in plants.
E.g. chloroplasts,
chromoplasts, and
leucoplasts.

A

Plastids

65
Q

a sticky outer layer that
provides protection

A

Capsule

66
Q

a structure that confers
rigidity and shape to the
cell

A

Cell Wall

67
Q

a structure that serves as a
permeability barrier

A

Plasma Membrane

68
Q

a genetic material

A

Plasmid

69
Q

DNA-containing region
within the cytoplasm

A

Nucleoid

70
Q

the region where chromosomes
(DNA), ribosomes, and various
inclusions are found

A

Nucleoid

71
Q

the site where protein is
synthesized

A

Ribosome

72
Q

a hair-like appendage that
functions in adhesion

A

Pilus/Pili

73
Q

facilitates movement of
bacteria

A

Flagellum

74
Q

THESE ARE EXTENSIONS ON THE CELL
MEMBRANES THAT HELP INCREASE
THE SURFACE AREA OF THE CELL,
FACILITATING INCREASED ABSORPTION
OF NUTRIENTS.

A

MICROVILLI

75
Q

THEY LOSE THEIR NUCLEUS AS THEY
MATURE, THUS, INCREASES THE
SURFACE AREA FOR GAS EXCHANGE,
ENABLING OPTIMAL OXYGENATION OF
TISSUES IN THE BODY.

A

RED BLOOD CELLS

76
Q

TRACHEAL CELLS HAVE ______ THAT
BEAT AND DRIVE AIR IMPURITIES OR
FOREIGN PARTICLES AND MUCUS
SECRETIONS UP THE TRACHEA TO THE
MOUTH WHERE THEY CAN BE COUGHED
OUT.

A

CILIA

77
Q

HAVE A TAIL, THE
FLAGELLUM, WHICH PROPELS IT
TOWARD THE EGG CELL FOR
FERTILIZATION.

A

SPERM CELL

78
Q

ARE ELONGATED
OUTGROWTHS FROM THE OUTER LAYER
OF CELLS IN A ROOT THAT HELP
ABSORB WATER AND MINERALS. THEY
INCREASE THE ABSORPTION AREA OF
ROOTS.

A

ROOT HAIRS

79
Q

THIS IS THE POINT WHERE TWO CELLS
COME TOGETHER. THROUGH THE ___________, THE CELLS ARE JOINED IN
LONG-TERM ASSOCIATIONS, FORMING
TISSUES AND ORGANS.

A

CELL-CELL JUNCTION

80
Q

VASCULAR BUNDLES COME IN
DIFFERENT SHAPES AND STRUCTURES.
THEY HAVE PITS OR PORES WHILE
SOME ARE HALLOW, WHICH HELP IN
THE PROCESS OF MATERIAL
TRANSPORT.

A

XYLEM AND PHLOEM

80
Q

Orderly sequence of events that describes the stages of a cell’s life from the division of a single parent cell to the production of new daughter cells

A

Cell Cycle

81
Q

Growth
Maintenance
Repair of cells and tissues

A

EUKARYOTES

82
Q

Method of reproduction

A

PROKARYOTES:

83
Q

Ploidy Level - Mitosis

A

Diploid
(2n)

84
Q

Ploidy Level - Meiosis

A

Haploid
(n)

85
Q

Cell - Mitosis

A

Somatic

86
Q

Cell - Meiosis

A

Germ

87
Q

The building blocks of chromosomal DNA and associated proteins

Accumulating sufficient energy reserves

A

G1 PHASE (First Gap/Gap 1)

88
Q

DNA Replication leads to have sister chromatids

Duplication of centrosome that leads to formation of Mitotic Spindle

A

S PHASE (Synthesis of DNA)

89
Q

Synthesizes proteins

Final preparations

A

G2 PHASE (Second Gap/Gap 2)

90
Q

First Mitotic Phase

A

(KARYOKINESIS)

Nuclear Division

91
Q

Cytoplasmic Division
● Physical separation of the
cytoplasmic components into
two daughter cells

A

Second Mitotic Phase
(CYTOKINESIS)

92
Q

Some cells enter this stage temporarily until an external signal triggers the onset of G1

A

G0 Phase

93
Q

Chromosomes condense .

A

Prophase

94
Q

Kinetochores appear at the centromeres.

A

Prometaphase

95
Q

Chromosomes are lined up at the metaphase plate.

A

Metaphase

96
Q

Sister chromatids are pulled toward opposite poles.

A

Anaphase

97
Q

Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles and begin to decondense.

A

Telophase

98
Q

The number of chromosome
in the daughter cell after
mitosis is the same with the
parent cell.
➢ If a parent skin cell (which is
a somatic cell) has n=46, the
2 daughter skin cells has
n=46 also.
➢ All the genetic information is
carried from parent cell to its
daughter cells.

A

REMINDERS TRUE

99
Q

How many chromosomes are there in the human gametes?

A

23 chromosomes

100
Q

How many chromosomes are there in a human zygote?

A

46 chromosomes

101
Q

Formation and development of sperm cells is called

A

spermatogenesis

102
Q

Formation and development of egg cells is called

A

oogenesis.

103
Q

What are the phases that make up the Interphase?

A

G1 phase, S phase, and G2 phase.

104
Q

What are the phases that make up the mitotic phase?

A

karyokinesis, cytokinesis

105
Q

What phases where the spindle fibers
(a) appear -
(b) disappear –

A

(a) appear - Prophase
(b) disappear – Telophase

G12 (14 decks)

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