General Biology Flashcards
the science that
studies life and
living things,
including laws
that govern the
phenomena of life.
Biology
Those who
specialize in
biology are
known as
“biologists” or
“naturalists”.
Hierchal classification
Taxonomy
structure and fucntion of plant and animal cell
Cytology
formation and development of an embryo or fetus
Embryology
description and structure of human body
Anatomy
function of single cells & to interaction
Physiology
chemical processes within a cell
Biochemistry
study of genes and heredity
Genetics
descent with inherited modificarions
Evolution
study of the environment
Ecology
change food into energy
metabolism
(complex molecules) from numerous simple ones
anabolism
breakdown of complex molecules (simple molecules)
catabolism
It is a tool used to study objects too
small to be seen with the unaided
eye.
Microscope
It consists of two lenses, each fitted
into the end of a tube within a tube
Compound Microscope
The two sets of lenses are called
EYEPIECE and the OBJECTIVE.
supports the body tube
Arm
contains the magnifying lens you look through
eyepiece
maintains the proper distance between the
eyepiece and the objective lens
body tube
holds the objective lenses
nosepiece
it usually provides a 10x or a 20x
magnification
Objective Lens
qhold the slide in place
Stage Clips
supports the slide being viewed
Stage
regulates the amount of light that gets into the
body tube.
Diaphragm
reflects the light upward through the diaphragm,
the specimen, and the lenses.
Mirror
supports the microscope
Base
moves the body tube up and down for
focusing
Adjustment Knob –
The scientific word for focusing
to get a sharp image
RESOLUTION.
the
enlarging of an image.
MAGNIFICATION
*Dutch lens maker
*Made the first
microscope
*First to observe
microscopic
organisms
Anton Van
Leeuwenhoek
*Englishman who
observed cork under a
microscope
*The cork sample was
divided into small
chambers.
*He called these
chambers “cells”.
Robert Hooke
Swedish botanist who
developed “Binomial
Nomenclature”
Carolus Linnaeus
*British scientist who
developed the idea of
“Natural Selection”,
which led to his famous
“Theory of Evolution”
Charles Darwin
*The father of Genetics
Gregor Mendel
*They made
observations that led to
the “Cell Theory”
Matthias Schleiden
(botanist) and
Theodor Schwann
(zoologist)
The Cell Theory
*All living things are
made up of cells.
*Cells are the basic unit
of structure and
function of all living
things.
*All cells come from
pre-existing cells.
*They discovered the
structure of DNA.
James Watson
(American
Biologist) and
Francis Crick
(British Physicist)
*American writer and
biologist, warned of the
danger of the increased
use of pesticides and
the damage it was
doing to nature.
Rachel Carson
*French Ocean Explorer
*Co-inventor of
“aqualung”
Jacques-Yves
Cousteau
They are generally larger and have
very distinct nuclei that are clearly
surrounded by nuclear membranes.
Eukaryotic Cells
They lack a nuclear
envelope and membrane-
bound organelles. e.g.
bacterial cell (about 0.2-5
micrometers) and divides
through Binary Fission.
Prokaryotic Cells
which only allows
certain molecules
to move into and
out of the cell
lipid bilayer
molecules which act
as regulators of
fluidity
cholesterol
fatty acid tails of the
phospholipids
“kinks”
Composed of
different molecules
Mosaic
passageway of certain
molecules
Channel
Proteins
change conformation to
transport molecules
Carrier Proteins
detect invading
pathogens
Cell Recognition
Proteins
binding of molecules to
trigger responses
Receptor
Proteins
subcellular structures are suspended; composed of cytosol
Cytoplasm
Nucleic acids are synthesized; storage of heredity factors
Nucleus
Made of DNA and
proteins
* Forms chromosomes
during cell division
Chromatin
Dense, protein-rich
substance where the
nucleolus is suspended
Nucleoplasm
Responsible for
ribosome formation
* Rich in proteins and
nucleic acids
* Where rRNA is
transcribed and
assembled
Nucleolus
Two-layered membrane
* Contains ribosomes on its
outer layer
* Continuous with the ER
Nuclear
Membrane
It extends from the nucleus to the
cell membrane and takes up quite
a lot of space in some cells. It
moves material from one place to
another place inside the cell.
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
They are the packaging and
releasing structures of the
cell.
Golgi
Apparatus
It is the “power
house” of the cell.
Mitochondria
They contain
chemicals/enzymes that
digest wastes and worn-
out/damaged cell parts.
Lysosomes
It has a central role in cell division where it participates in the formation of the mitotic spindle
Centriole
It provides strength
and rigidity to the
cell. It is composed
of cellulose.
Cell Wall
They are larger and
more centrally
located in plant cells
than in animal cells.
Water Vacuoles
They carry out the
photosynthetic
function in plants.
E.g. chloroplasts,
chromoplasts, and
leucoplasts.
Plastids
a sticky outer layer that
provides protection
Capsule
a structure that confers
rigidity and shape to the
cell
Cell Wall
a structure that serves as a
permeability barrier
Plasma Membrane
a genetic material
Plasmid
DNA-containing region
within the cytoplasm
Nucleoid
the region where chromosomes
(DNA), ribosomes, and various
inclusions are found
Nucleoid
the site where protein is
synthesized
Ribosome
a hair-like appendage that
functions in adhesion
Pilus/Pili
facilitates movement of
bacteria
Flagellum
THESE ARE EXTENSIONS ON THE CELL
MEMBRANES THAT HELP INCREASE
THE SURFACE AREA OF THE CELL,
FACILITATING INCREASED ABSORPTION
OF NUTRIENTS.
MICROVILLI
THEY LOSE THEIR NUCLEUS AS THEY
MATURE, THUS, INCREASES THE
SURFACE AREA FOR GAS EXCHANGE,
ENABLING OPTIMAL OXYGENATION OF
TISSUES IN THE BODY.
RED BLOOD CELLS
TRACHEAL CELLS HAVE ______ THAT
BEAT AND DRIVE AIR IMPURITIES OR
FOREIGN PARTICLES AND MUCUS
SECRETIONS UP THE TRACHEA TO THE
MOUTH WHERE THEY CAN BE COUGHED
OUT.
CILIA
HAVE A TAIL, THE
FLAGELLUM, WHICH PROPELS IT
TOWARD THE EGG CELL FOR
FERTILIZATION.
SPERM CELL
ARE ELONGATED
OUTGROWTHS FROM THE OUTER LAYER
OF CELLS IN A ROOT THAT HELP
ABSORB WATER AND MINERALS. THEY
INCREASE THE ABSORPTION AREA OF
ROOTS.
ROOT HAIRS
THIS IS THE POINT WHERE TWO CELLS
COME TOGETHER. THROUGH THE ___________, THE CELLS ARE JOINED IN
LONG-TERM ASSOCIATIONS, FORMING
TISSUES AND ORGANS.
CELL-CELL JUNCTION
VASCULAR BUNDLES COME IN
DIFFERENT SHAPES AND STRUCTURES.
THEY HAVE PITS OR PORES WHILE
SOME ARE HALLOW, WHICH HELP IN
THE PROCESS OF MATERIAL
TRANSPORT.
XYLEM AND PHLOEM
Orderly sequence of events that describes the stages of a cell’s life from the division of a single parent cell to the production of new daughter cells
Cell Cycle
Growth
Maintenance
Repair of cells and tissues
EUKARYOTES
Method of reproduction
PROKARYOTES:
Ploidy Level - Mitosis
Diploid
(2n)
Ploidy Level - Meiosis
Haploid
(n)
Cell - Mitosis
Somatic
Cell - Meiosis
Germ
The building blocks of chromosomal DNA and associated proteins
Accumulating sufficient energy reserves
G1 PHASE (First Gap/Gap 1)
DNA Replication leads to have sister chromatids
Duplication of centrosome that leads to formation of Mitotic Spindle
S PHASE (Synthesis of DNA)
Synthesizes proteins
Final preparations
G2 PHASE (Second Gap/Gap 2)
First Mitotic Phase
(KARYOKINESIS)
Nuclear Division
Cytoplasmic Division
● Physical separation of the
cytoplasmic components into
two daughter cells
Second Mitotic Phase
(CYTOKINESIS)
Some cells enter this stage temporarily until an external signal triggers the onset of G1
G0 Phase
Chromosomes condense .
Prophase
Kinetochores appear at the centromeres.
Prometaphase
Chromosomes are lined up at the metaphase plate.
Metaphase
Sister chromatids are pulled toward opposite poles.
Anaphase
Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles and begin to decondense.
Telophase
The number of chromosome
in the daughter cell after
mitosis is the same with the
parent cell.
➢ If a parent skin cell (which is
a somatic cell) has n=46, the
2 daughter skin cells has
n=46 also.
➢ All the genetic information is
carried from parent cell to its
daughter cells.
REMINDERS TRUE
How many chromosomes are there in the human gametes?
23 chromosomes
How many chromosomes are there in a human zygote?
46 chromosomes
Formation and development of sperm cells is called
spermatogenesis
Formation and development of egg cells is called
oogenesis.
What are the phases that make up the Interphase?
G1 phase, S phase, and G2 phase.
What are the phases that make up the mitotic phase?
karyokinesis, cytokinesis
What phases where the spindle fibers
(a) appear -
(b) disappear –
(a) appear - Prophase
(b) disappear – Telophase
