Plants Have Organs, Too Flashcards
Characteristics of Plants
Has cell walls
Can reproduce, sexually or asexually
Capable of photosynthesis
They are multicellular eukaryotes
Surface Tissue Protect
1.Protection against Physical Damage
2.Prevention of Water Loss
3.Defense Against Pathogens
4.Regulation of Gas Exchange
they are found in the leaves, stems, roots flowers, and fruits
Usually contain plastids.
In areas exposed to light, such as green leaves, chloroplastids are found where the photosynthesis takes place.
Areas not exposed to light, such as stems, fruits, and roots, colorless plastids predominate.
Parenchyma cells
function mainly as support
they can be found in areas that are growing rapidly and needed to be strengthened.
Collenchyma cells
_____ provide structural support to mature plant
tissues
Sclerenchyma cells
responsible for the transport of various substances throughout the plant.
Vascular tissues
There are two main types of vascular tissues:
xylem and phloem.
Process and structures involved in xylem
Transpiration; a group of hollow, dead cells
Process and structures involved in phloem
Translocation; a group of living cells
Level of organisation
Cell - Tissue - Organ - Organ System - Organism
are rigid, connective tissue structures that
form the skeletal framework of vertebrates, providing support, protection, and a framework for bodily movement.
Bones
refers to the central or main axis of the body. In anatomy, the term is commonly used to describe the central part of
the body that includes the head, neck, trunk, and spine.
Axial Skeleton
Is the skeletal structure that forms the skull, providing a protective enclosure for the brain
Cranium
is a bony structure that forms the head in vertebrates
Skull
Lower jaw or jawbone is the largest,
strongest and lowest bone in the human
face. It forms the lower jaw and holds
the lower teeth in place. sits beneath the maxilla. It is the only movable bone of the skull.
Mandible
Is a structure that runs along the back of an
organism. It is made up of a series of bones called vertebrae that are stacked on top of each other.
Spine (AKA vertebral column or backbone)
Is the bony structure that surrounds
and protects the organs of the thoracic
cavity, primarily the heart and lungs.
Ribcage (AKA thoracic cage)
There are __ pairs of ribs in the human
ribcage, and they are attached to the thoracic vertebrae in the back.
12, Ribs
Ribs are classified into:
1) true ribs (directly attached to the sternum)
2) false ribs (indirectly attached to the sternum or not attached at all)
3) floating ribs (not attached to the sternum)
Is a flat, elongated bone located at the front of the chest.
Sternum (Breastbone)
The sternum is consists of three parts:
the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process.
The _____ articulates with the clavicles (collarbones) and the first pair of ribs.
manubrium
is the portion of the skeleton that consists of the bones and structures associated with the limbs (arms and legs), as well as the pectoral girdle (shoulder) and pelvic girdle (hip).
Appendicular skeleton
It is named “_____” because these bones are considered appendages or limbs that append to the axial skeleton, which is the central part of the skeleton that includes the skull, spine, and ribcage.
appendicular
The _____ is involved in movement, support, and manipulation of objects
appendicular skeleton
In the appendicular skeleton, the term “____” refers to the upper and lower extremities or appendages of the body,
namely the arms and legs.
Limbs
are responsible for various functions such as movement, manipulation, and support.
Limbs
The ______ provides attachment sites for muscles and allows for mobility and dexterity in activities such as walking, running, reaching, and grasping.
appendicular skeleton
It consists of two hip bones, also called coxal bones or innominate bones, which are joined at the front by a cartilage called the ____.
Pubic symphysis; PELVIC GIRDLE
Provides support for the abdominal organs,
attaches the lower limbs to the axial skeleton, and allows for movement and stability during activities such as walking, running, and sitting.
PELVIC GIRDLE
FIVE MAIN TYPES OF BONES
- LONG BONES
- SHORT BONES
- FLAT BONES
- IRREGULAR BONES
- SESAMOID BONES
SPECIALIZED TYPES OF BONES
- PNEUMATIZED BONES
- ACCESSORY BONES
Description: Longer than they are wide, with a shaft and two ends.
Examples: Femur, humerus, radius, ulna, tibia, fibula.
Long bones
Description: Roughly cube-shaped and nearly equal in length, width, and thickness.
Examples: Carpals (wrist bones), tarsals (ankle bones).
Short bones
Description: Thin, flattened, and often curved.
Examples: Skull bones, scapula, ribs, sternum.
Flat bones
Description: Don’t fit into the previous categories due to their complex shapes.
Examples: Vertebrae, facial bones.
Irregular bones
Description: Small, round bones embedded within tendons.
Examples: Patella (kneecap).
Sesamoid bones
Description: Contain air-filled spaces or sinuses.
Examples: Some skull bones, such as frontal and maxillary sinuses.
Pneumatic bones
Description: Not present in all individuals and are considered variations.
Examples: Extra bones in the hands or feet, such as accessory navicular bone.
Accessory bones
4 musculoskeletal system
Tendons, ligaments, cartilage, joints
are fibrous connective tissues that connect muscles to bones. They are responsible
for transmitting the force generated by muscle contractions to produce movement.
Tendons
are also fibrous connective tissues that connect bones to other bones, forming
joints. They provide stability and strength to the joints, preventing excessive or abnormal movement.
Ligaments
is a flexible, rubbery connective tissue that covers the ends of bones and provides a
smooth surface for joint movement. It acts as a shock absorber and reduces friction between bones.
Cartilage
are the places where bones come together. They allow for movement and flexibility.
Joints
Joints can be classified into different types, such as:
1) hinge joints (allowing movement in one plane like the knee joint)
2) ball-and-socket joints (allowing movement in multiple directions like the shoulder joint)
3) pivot joints (enabling rotational movements like the joint between the radius and ulna in the forearm).
The upper extremities, referred to as arms, encompass the subsequent elements:
Upper Limbs
The area where the arm attaches to the trunk through the shoulder joint
Shoulder
The segment of the limb spanning from the shoulder to the elbow
Arm
The articulation between the arm and the forearm
Elbow
The segment of the limb between the elbow and the wrist
Forearm
The joint connecting the forearm to the hand
Wrist
The terminal section of the upper limb, comprising the palm, fingers, and thumb
Hand
The lower extremities, known as legs, comprise the following components:
Lower Limbs
The region where the leg joins the trunk through the hip joint
Hip
The segment of the limb between the hip and the knee
Thigh
The junction between the thigh and the leg
Knee
The segment of the limb between the knee and the ankle
Leg
The articulation between the leg and the foot
Ankle
The terminal part of the lower limb, encompassing the sole, toes, and heel
Foot
