The Beginning of Change (1500-1750) Flashcards

1
Q

How did Vesalius (1514-1564) improve understanding of human anatomy?

Limitations?

A

-Italian Professor of Surgery
-dissected humans (proved Galen wrong)
-worked with skilled artists so his work was accurately recorded and easy to learn from
-in 1543 he published ‘On the Fabric of the Human Body’ (emphasised importance of human dissection)
LIMITS:
-didn’t impact treatments
-doctors still didn’t know the cause of illness
-many criticised him for questioning Galen

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2
Q

How did Pare (1510-1590) use scientific method to improve surgery and treatments?

Limitations?

A
  • French army surgeon (experimented on soldiers to find bette ways of preventing bleeding)
  • he used his own mixture of egg yolk, turpentine and oil of roses to seal wounds instead of using hot oil
  • used ligatures to tie wounds instead of cauterising
  • designed false limbs for wounded soldiers
  • published ‘Les Oeuvres’ in 1575
  • The Queen’s own surgeon made Pare’s work very well known

LIMITS:

  • only rich could afford to pay for medical treatment
  • only trained doctors knew about his methods
  • some doctors didn’t trust his new methods
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3
Q

How did Harvey (1578-1657) develop knowledge of medicine?

A
  • doctor in England (was doctor of both James I and Charles I thus in a strong position to influence others)
  • discovered and proved valves are in veins and the heart beats constantly pumping blood around the body
  • challenged Galen’s belief that liver produced blood (challenged bloodletting)
  • published ‘On the Motion of the Heart’ in 1628

LIMITS:

  • his own patients refused to be treated by him after he published his book
  • rejected by doctors who supported Galen and refused to accept the use of experiments in medicine
  • capillaries were not visible without good microscope so many refused to believe
  • not immediately useful (transfusions only able to happen after discovery go blood groups in 1901
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4
Q

What was the Reformation?

A

The challenging of the position of the Catholic Church which led to individuals to question more and not to merely accept Church teachings

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5
Q

How did treatments develop during the Renaissance?

A
  • improved travel & communication
  • more realistic art (medical illustrations)
  • printing press created (spread ideas)
  • microscope invented (see capillaries)
  • new herbs and ideas introduced
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6
Q

How did medicine not progress?

A
  • poorer people continued to buy treatments from quacks (had false treatments)
  • wise women treated people (used herbal remedies & traditional treatment)
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7
Q

How many people died in the Great Plague of 1665 in London?

A

over 100,000

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8
Q

Which new treatments were used to combat the Great Plague?

A
  • Plague doctors
  • wore special clothing to prevent contamination but carried amulets in beak showing that people believed in supernatural causes
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9
Q

Which treatments of the Great Plague showed scientific understanding?

A
  • watchmen prevented people from entering and leaving infected houses
  • gathering of crowds was banned
  • fires were lit to try & remove the poisons that were thought to be in the air
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10
Q

Did hospitals develop during this period?

A
  • rich people funded hospitals through donations (Church’s role was reduced)
  • medical schools were attached to hospitals
  • fewer believed disease was punishment from God
  • some pharmacies (Edinburgh) gave free medication to poor

HOWEVER:

  • treatments were still based upon balancing the Four Humours
  • nurses were untrained and unskilled
  • provided care for vulnerable
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11
Q

What is the significance of John Hunter?

A
  • trained many British surgeons (Edward Jenner & Vesalius)
  • encouraged human dissection
  • told surgeons to trust the body’s natural wound-healing process
  • taught importance of observation and experiment
  • he removed an aneurysm instead of amputation (successes were due number of dead bodies dissected)
  • he acquired bodies from grave robbers
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12
Q

How did training and status of doctors & surgeons improve during this period?

A
  • Royal College of Surgeons was established in 1800 (examined all surgeons practising within seven miles of London)
  • In 1811 it was compulsory for all surgeons to attend a 1 year course in anatomy
  • In 1813 surgeons had to work at least 1 year in a hospital to qualify
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13
Q

How was smallpox treated prior to Jenner’s vaccination?

A
  • inoculation (giving a small dose of smallpox to make a person immune to the disease)
  • large doses could develop full-blown smallpox
  • poor people couldn’t afford his treatment
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14
Q

Explain the benefits with Jenner’s vaccine?

A
  • Jenner injected James Phipps with pus from cowpox sores (gave him immunity against smallpox)
  • far less dangerous than inoculation
  • £10,000 grant from Parliament for Jenner to expand the number of vaccine clinics
  • in 1853 vaccinations were compulsory
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15
Q

Why did vaccination face opposition?

A
  • inoculation doctors opposed (threatened their business)
  • people believed it was wrong to inject cowpox into humans
  • some saw smallpox as punishment from God
  • Anti-Compulsory Vaccination League (1866)
  • Jenner couldn’t explain why vaccinations worked
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16
Q

What new ideas were developed during the Renaissance and what impact did they have?

A

New learning: more scientific approach was developed including observation and hypothesis
Invention of microscope: helped doctors make and explain discoveries
Creation of printing press: allowed ideas to spread easily through Europe
Art: medical texts now had realistic illustrations allowing others to learn more
Increased spending on education: improved literacy increased the number of people accessing new scientific ideas