Booklet 3 19th Century Flashcards
What is smallpox?
A contagious disease caused by the variola virus
When did the World Health Organisibation declare smallpox eradicated?
1980
What percentage of people died who caught smallpox?
Between 30-60 percent
Why was smallpox so feared by the public?
Because it left people blind and scarred
Which queen died of smallpox in 1694?
Queen Mary
What did people think caused smallpox?
Miasma or bad air
Who invented vaccination?
Edward Jenner
What practice/idea did Lady Mary Montagu bring back from a holiday in Istanbul in 1792?
innoculation
What process does this describe: the introduction of a weakened version of a pathogen, so that the immune response is triggered and the body is prepared to fight the actual pathogen if necessary
Vaccination
In what year was a cure for smallpox found?
1798
When did the government make the eradication of smallpox a priority?
1853
What was the population of Britain in 1801?
16 million
What was the population of Britain in 1901?
41 million
What revolution changed the way people lived between the years 1750-1900?
The Industrial Revolution
What two word French term best sums up government attitudes in 19th Century?
laissez faire’
What did Louis Pasteur prove?
The Germ Theory
When did Louis Pasteur published his theory?
1861
What was important about Pasteurs work?
the idea that disease is spread by tiny organisms he called germs
What disease occurred in Lincoln in 1905?
Thyphoid
Why was there an epidemic in Lincoln in 1905?
bad water supply, governing body did things on the cheap, raw sewage in the water, increasing population
What diseases did Robert Koch work on? Name two
Diptheria, Anthrax, TB, Cholera
Who developed the idea of ‘magic bullets’?
Paul Ehrlich
Give 2 reasons why rapid urbanisation caused disease?
poor housing, cellar living, overcrowding, no access to clean water, no sewage systems
What did the ‘magic bullet Salvarsan treat?
syphilis
When was the first cholera epidemic in Britain?
1831-32
Where did the first Cholera epidemic take place in Britain?
Sunderland
Who published a Report on the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population in 1842?
Edwin Chadwick
Why was the first Public Health Act not good enough?
Because it was not enforced/compulsory
In what year was the first Public Health Act passed?
1848
In what year was the second Public Health Act passed?
1875
What percentage of volunteers (in some towns) for the Boer War were found to be unfit for service in 1899?
90%
In what decade did the the Crimean War occur?
1850s
How did Florence Nightingale help the medical profession?
By improving the hygiene in hospitals and making nursing professional
What is laudanum?
A common cure in 19th Century made from 90% alcohol and 10% opium
What great painkiller went on sale in 1899?
Asperin
What is the Lancet?
A medical journal
What body was set up in 1858 to oversee the medical profession as a result of scandals?
The General Medical Council
What was the mortality rate as a percentag from surgery in 1800?
40%
What twas the mortality rate as a percentage from surgery in 1900?
10%
Which female pioneer led the way for women to become doctors?
Elizabeth Garrett Anderson
What was unique about the New Hospital for Women and Children set up in 1872?
Staffed entirely by women
Who were the ‘Edinburgh Seven’?
The 7 women who responded to Sophia Jex-Blake’s advert to join her to apply to study medicine at the University of Edinburgh
What does the word anaesthetic mean?
Pain relief
What does the word aseptic mean?
The practice of making sure there are no bacteria/source of infection
What does the word antiseptic mean?
Something that stops the growth of bacteria/disease
What is a bacillus?
A disease causing bacteria
What does the word sterile mean?
Free from bacteria/infection, totally clean
What is a cesspit?
A hole in the ground to dispose of waste (usually human)
What does the word epidemic mean?
a sudden, widespread infectious disease
What does the word immunisation mean?
The process of making a person or animal free from catching a particular disease or infection
Why did some surgeons believe that pain relief was not necessary during operations?
They wanted the patients appreciate the work that the surgeon did/religious arguments
Which inventor of a safety lamp for miners used nitrous oxide?
Humphrey Davy
What was nitrous oxide used for?
Pain relief/anaesthetic
What was the problem with nitrous oxide?
Difficult to get the dose right
What other term is used to describe nitrous oxide?
Laughing gass
What did James Simpson try out on his friends?
Chloroform
What medical role did James Simpson do?
Obstetrician/delivered babies
What other instrument did James Simpson invent?
Forceps
Which queen helped publicise James Simpson’s invention?
Queen Victoria
Why did the invention of anaesthetics cause more people to die on the operating table?
Because surgeons did more risky operations going deep into the body which increased the risk of infection
What is gangrene?
A condition where body tissue dies caused by a loss of blood supply due to an underlying illness, injury, and/or infection.
How did Ignaz Semmelweiss reduce the death rate at Vienna General Hospital in 1847?
He made doctors wash their hands in calcium chloride solution
What acid did Joseph Lister use in the operating room?
Carbolic
Why were Joseph Lister’s experiments unusual?
Experimented on frogs/cold blooded animals
What other title does Joseph Lister have?
The ‘father of antiseptic surgery’
What is ether?
Another anaesthetic used by William Morton in 1846
What did Charles Chamberland invent in 1878 to help create an aseptic environment?
A seam steriliser for medical instruments heating at 140 degrees C for 20 minutes
Why was the invention of rubber gloves important?
Helped to create an aseptic environment in surgery
Where did most people get their water from in the 19th Century?
Street water pumps
What percentage of children in Manchester died before their 5th birthday in the middle of 19th Century?
57%
When was the ‘Great Stink
1858
How many people died in the first cholera epidemic?
50,000
In what year was there another cholera epidemic?
1831-32, 1848, 1854
Name 2 contagious diseases (other than cholera) of the 19th Century.
typhoid, typhus, diarrhoea, smallpox, tb, scarlet fever, whoopin cough, measles
What was known as ‘the English disease’ and what was it?
rickets, crippling bone condition caused by calcium deficiency and lack of fresh air and sunlight
Who did the ‘English disease’ mostly affect?
children
Where in the world did cholera come from?
The East/India
How did John Snow prove his theories about the spread of cholera?
Mapped the location of each death in his area, worked out that the water pump in Broad Street was the cause
How did John Snow prevent further cholera deaths in his area?
Persuaded the authorities to remove the handle of the pump so no water could be drawn
What theory did John Snow disprove with his work?
Miasma theory
Were John Snow’s theories readily accepted?
No
Who was the author of the Report on the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population?
Edwin Chadwick
Give 2 reasons why public health was difficult to achieve in the earlier 19th Century?
Because people didn’t want to pay higher taxes, because the government didn’t want to get involved, because people believed that it was each person’s responsibility
What did Thomas Barnardo set up to help poor children?
Ragged School’
When did the government pass the Sanitary Act?
1866
When did the government pass the Housing Act?
1875
Why was the second Public Health Act better than the first?
local council were forced to provide clean water, appoint medical officers of health and sanitary inspectors, cover sewers, keep sewers in good condition, collect rubbish, provide street lighting
When was an act introduced to regulated food and medicines?
1875
How many people died from typhus in London in 1868?
716
What was made cheaply available in the late 19th Century that allowed the public to keep themselves clean?
Pear’s soap
What is effluent?
Liquid waste (human) descharged into a river or a sea
What is a privy?
a public toilet
Who was the monarch from 1837-1901?
Queen Victoria
What was the average height of a male in 1875?
5ft 5in
What is the average height of a male today?
5ft 10in
What was the average age of death of a male in 1875?
46
What is the average age of death of a male today?
80
What percentage of children are either overweight or obese today?
25%
How did the factor of GOVERNMENT help in the development of medicine in 19th Century? Give 1 way.
Public Health Acts, other legislation, smallpox vaccinations, etc
