Medicine Stands Still 1000-1500 Flashcards

1
Q

Who treated the sick?

A

Barber surgeons in towns (bloodletting & minor operations), wise women in villages (herbal remedies),monks in monasteries (herbs,prayers and rest),trained doctors (very expensive, used ideas of Hippocrates & Galen)

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2
Q

What were the different types of treatments offered by doctors?

A

Clinical observation (pulse & urine), balancing four humours; some also checked the position of stars or recommended praying

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3
Q

What were the key obstacles to medical progress during this period?

A

Doctors lacked scientific knowledge to explain the causes of disease & medical training involved reading church-approved texts such as Galen, monks preserved ancient medical texts

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4
Q

Explain the influence of Hippocrates on diagnosis and treatment

A

He emphasised the importance of clinical observation; his Theory of the Four Humours and the need to balance them dominated medical thinking up to 1800. Bleeding was a common practise to prevent or treat illness.

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5
Q

What happened after the Black Death?

A
  • fewer workers
  • demanded higher wages and moved around to find work
  • 1.5m died between 1348 and 1350
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6
Q

Explain the influence of Galen on training and treatment?

A
  • dissected animals to improve knowledge of human anatomy
  • believed in Design Theory (God designed humans)
  • Church banned people from questioning his work
  • worked in Gladiator school
  • used Four Humours and stressed importance of listening to a patient’s pulse
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7
Q

Explain the function of hospitals in the Middle Ages?

A
  • place for rest and recovery (monks)
  • many linked to monasteries
  • over 700 public hospitals set up by Church
  • provided nursing care
  • had physics gardens and clean water
  • kitchens were built away from privies to avoid contamination
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8
Q

Explain how Islamic medicine was more advanced than the West

A
  • Avicenna wrote “Canon of Medicine” which remained important text for medical students until 1700s
  • in his book he listed medical properties of 760 different drugs
  • Islamic hospitals treated patients and trained doctors
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9
Q

Describe some typical medieval surgical procedures

A

bloodletting,amputations,trepanning (drilling hole in skull) for epilepsy, cauterisation and anaesthetics included opium and hemlock (too much could kill a patient)

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10
Q

Who was John of Arderne?

A
  • most famous medieval surgeon
  • established the Guild of Surgeons in 1368
  • anal abscesses
  • developed painkilling ointments (hemlock and opium) which helped healing and stopping need to cauterisation
  • urged doctors not to rely on old texts
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11
Q

Explain how warfare helped surgeons to improve their skills

A
  • quicker amputations
  • new tools including the arrow cup
  • improved ointments (such as John Arderne’s painkiller)
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12
Q

What were the main public health problems in many Medieval towns?

A
  • poor sanitation (water supply and waste disposal)
  • streets were very dirt and cesspits could overflow into roads and rivers
  • miasma was believed to cause diseases
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13
Q

Was there any sign of progress in this period?

A

Coventry:

  • which became proactive in cleaning up their streets
  • waste disposal sites outside of town
  • bath houses existed for rich
  • people were paid to clean up streets (compulsory)
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14
Q

What caused the Black Death?

A
  • began in Asia
  • reached England in 1348
  • combination of bubonic plague (rats and fleas) and pneumonic plague (spread by coughing)
  • buboes appeared on skin
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15
Q

Which ideas were put forward to explain the Black Death?

A
  • punishment of God
  • caused by astrology and alignment of planet
  • blamed Jewish people on poisoning water supplies
  • miasma (bad smell)
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16
Q

Why did the Black Death spread so rapidly?

A
  • dirty streets encouraged rats
  • insufficient waste disposal
  • ignorance of germs
  • few regulations
17
Q

Which preventions methods were used to avoid the Black Death?

A
  • Monarch ordered the Church to organise special services for God’s forgiveness
  • flagellants (whipped themselves to show they had repented their sins
18
Q

Which treatments were used for the Black Death?

A

-clean up streets
-bleeding
-herbs
some drank mercury (which was poisonous)