A Revolution in Medicine (1800-1900) Flashcards

1
Q

How did Louis Pasteur improve understanding of disease?

A
  • father of microbiology
  • pioneered ‘Germ Theory’ (the idea that disease is caused by tiny organisms called germs
  • built on Jenner’s work on vaccinations
  • invented process of pasteurisation
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2
Q

How did Robert Koch improve the understanding of disease?

A
  • German microbiologist
  • developed way to stain bacteria to see it under microscope
  • he could link specific diseases to particular microbes
  • identified bacteria which caused anthrax, tuberculosis and cholera
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3
Q

When was the microscope invented?

What did it lead people to believe?

A

in the 1600s

that disease caused germs

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4
Q

How did Paul Erlich contribute to the understanding of disease?

A
  • German physician
  • he used staining techniques to study blood cells
  • work on chemotherapy led to idea of “magic bullets” that would target specific organism in the body
  • he developed Salvarsan as a treatment for syphilis (first used on human in 1911)
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5
Q

How did Florence Nightingale impact the prevention of disease?

A
  • she dramatically cut morality rates in hospitals from 40% to just 2%
  • she set up Britain’s first nursing school and raised £44,000 to fund it
  • she radically changed hospitals in Crimea (clean and orderly)
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6
Q

How did England change during the Industrial Revolution?

A
  • population grew rapidly
  • new towns led to poverty
  • more people worked in industry than in agriculture
  • new services such as “Penny Post” developed
  • some believed Govt shouldn’t interfere
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7
Q

What was the impact of these new developments on medicine?

A
  • Pasteur and Koch completely altered the way medicine was understood
  • Snow helped to defeat cholera
  • Nightingale improved care sick people received in hospitals
  • However, when the Boer war started in 1899 90% of the volunteers were found to be “unfit to serve”
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8
Q

What part did James Simpson play in making operations endurable?

A
  • worked on anaesthetics during operations
  • discovered that chloroform was effective for putting patients to sleep
  • improved the design of forceps for delivering babies
  • focused on lessening pain in childbirth
  • Queen Victoria used it to give birth in 1853
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9
Q

How did Joseph Lister help to beat infection?

A
  • pioneered antiseptic surgery using carbolic acid (sprayed over patient and operating theatre)
  • in 1871 he developed a machine that sprayed carbolic acid over everything
  • reduced morality rate in operations from 46% to 15%
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10
Q

How did Doctor Barnardo help to reduce poverty?

A
  • set up “ragged school” for starving children
  • schemes to send boys to Canada and Australia as farm workers
  • Barnardo opened a series of homes for children
  • factory Girls’ club and Institute to support girls
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11
Q

How did technological developments help the development of medicine?

A
  • -stethoscope (for listening to breathing ailments) widely used from 1850
  • powerful microscope (1850)
  • thermometer (1895)
  • first x ray machine (1895)
  • clinical observations became norms
  • specialisations within medicine
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12
Q

In which way did medicine not progress?

A
  • people believed that miasma (bad smell) and bad air
  • bleeding was form of treatment
  • home remedies such as honey for cuts
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13
Q

What diseases caused problems during the industrial revolution?

A
  • cholera
  • typhoid
  • typhus
  • rickets
  • scarlet fever
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14
Q

What did people think caused the Cholera epidemic? When did they happen?

A

-miasma
in 1858 “great stink” swept in London
-dry weather built up human and industrial waste (believed to encourage spread of illness through smells)
1831-32 , 1848, 1854, 1866

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15
Q

What was used to combat the Cholera epidemic

A
  • Public Health Act 1848 (encouraged towns to clean up and improve conditions)
  • in 1958 London started building new sewers
  • Housing Act 1975 (allowed councils to knock down houses & replace them)
  • local town councils were empowered to spend money on cleaning up their streets
  • some cities (like Liverpool) made dramatic changes, but many cities didn’t
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16
Q

Which treatments to combat the Cholera epidemic showed evidence of scientific understanding?

A
  • John Snow’s careful investigation led to understanding that dirty water was causing cholera
  • he obtained permission to remove the pump handle from a local infected pump, forcing people to get there drinking water elsewhere
17
Q

Explain the significance of John Snow?

A
  • published book (1849) arguing that cholera was spread through dirty water rather than air
  • Govt didn’t agree
  • he mapped the location of each death and worked out that they all collected their water from the local water pump
  • he removed handle of pump
  • later discovered that a cesspit 1 metre from the water pump was leaking dirty water into the drinking supply
18
Q

How did hospitals develop during this period?

A
  • Florence Nightingale revolutionised hospitals, keeping them clean and orderly
  • she dramatically cut morality rates in hospitals from 40% to 2%
  • set up Britain’s first nursing school and raised £44,00 to fund it
  • she published “notes on hospitals” in 1863 setting out her principals for running clean, safe and well-ventilated hospitals
19
Q

Case study:What serious outbreak hit Lincoln in 1905?

A
  • epidemic of Typhoid
  • Lincoln obtained water from river Witham, local streams and disused grave pits
  • raw sewage entered 30 miles upstream and it was “acceptable”
  • Bishop of Lincoln claimed the outbreak was the “hand of God”
  • a new water pump was completed for £200,000
  • by 1911 a new reservoir was built
20
Q

How did social Welfare change?

A
  • William Farr pushed for registrations of birth, marriages and deaths in 1837
  • Edwin Chadwick wrote report on public health in 1842 (arguing that living conditions needed to be improved)
  • Public Health Act (1848), Sanitary Act (1866) and Housing Act (1875)
  • Government became more active
21
Q

Why did Social Reform face opposition?

A
  • many were reluctant to have the Govt interfere in their businesses
  • the prevailing attitude was laissez-faire
22
Q

What did the work of Chadwick, Snow and Pasteur lead to?

A
  • Public Health Act (1875) which forced councils to maintain sewerage systems, provide clean water and keep their towns’ streets clean
  • it was compulsory
  • slum housing could also be pulled down and rebuilt