GCSE Medicine Booklet 2

Question 1

What was the name of the book published by Vesalius in 1543?

Answer 1

The Fabric of the Human body De Humani Corporis Fabrica

Question 2

Which individual did Vesalius prove wrong?

Answer 2

Galen

Question 3

Which of Galens ideas were proved wrong by Vesalius?

Answer 3

That the lower jaw was in two parts. That blood passed through the septum.

Question 4

What was the effect of the work of Vesalius?

Answer 4

He made people question Galen and showed the importance of human dissection. Englisg surgeons and physicians used his book as a manual

Question 5

Who did the colour illustrations in the Fabric of the Human Body?

Answer 5

Leonardo Da Vinci

Question 6

How did Pare help wounds to heal?

Answer 6

He used an ointment of egg yolks, oil of roses and turpentine

Question 7

What was the effect of Pares ointment?

Answer 7

The soldiers wounds healed cleanly with less pain than if boiling oil was used.

Question 8

How did Pare stop bleeding?

Answer 8

He used ligatures (silk threads) to tie the blood vessels closed

Question 9

What method did ligatures replace?

Answer 9

Cauterisation where you use a red hot iron to seal wounds closed.

Question 10

What was a problem with ligatures?

Answer 10

Pare didn’t understand that the silk threads could carry germs into the wounds and cause infection.

Question 11

What did William Harvey discover?

Answer 11

He showed that blood was pumped around the body by the heart.

Question 12

Who did Harvey prove wrong?

Answer 12

Galen, he believed that blood was produced in the liver to replace the blood that was burnt by the body as fuel.

Question 13

How did Harvey prove his discovery?

Answer 13

He dissected live cold blooded animals to observe how their hearts worked as well as dissecting human bodies.

Question 14

How did William Harvey show that blood could only flow one way?

Answer 14

He tried to pump liquids past the valves in the veins but wasn’t able to.

Question 15

What was Thomas Syndenham’s contribution to medicine?

Answer 15

He believed in observation and that each disease had a separate and unique cause.He treated smallpox with “cool therapy”, lots of fluids, and keeping cool.

Question 16

What was John Hunter’s contribution to medicine?

Answer 16

He was a surgeon who believed that deep wounds should be left alone to let nature help heal. Famous as a teacher of anatomy and dissection.

Question 17

What improvements had been made to surgery by the early 1800s?

Answer 17

10,220 people were on the medical directory, half of doctors had been apprentices and trained, you had to have a licence to practise medicine, surgeons had to attend courses and have a year of experience to be a surgeon.

Question 18

Who was Lady Johanna St. John?

Answer 18

Lady Johanna St. John is perhaps typical of the local ‘lady of the manor’s’ role in healing. She lived at Lydiard House near Swindon and combined her role of running a large household with compiling a recipe book of cures.

Question 19

Who was Nicholas Culpepper?

Answer 19

Nicholas Culpeper published his Complete Herbal in 1653 and it is still in print today. Culpeper classified herbs and plants by their uses. He tried to combine the use of herbs with the Doctrine of Signatures and astrology.

Question 20

What was quackery?

Answer 20

People began to invent and sell medicine which they knew didn’t work. They were good salesmen.

Question 21

What did Daffy’s Elixir claim to cure?

Answer 21

He claimed it cured, among other things; ‘convulsion fits, consumption, agues, piles, fits, children’s distempers, worms, gout, rheumatism, kidney stones, colic and griping of the bowels’, all common ailments of the time.

Question 22

What did Thomas Coram set up in 1741?

Answer 22

The first foundling hospital to care for abandoned children. Children were looked after and trained for life in domestic and military service.

Question 23

How many new hospitals were between 1720 and 1750?

Answer 23

14

Question 24

How many patients were treated in London’s hospitals by 1800?

Answer 24

20,000

Question 25

How many people died from smallpox in 1796 and between 1837 and 1840?

Answer 25

1796 - 35 000 1837-1840 - 42 000

Question 26

What was inoculation?

Answer 26

You are given a minor form of the disease to stop you getting a more severe version. Lady Mary Montagu gave her children mild smallpox.

Question 27

Why didn’t the church like inoculation?

Answer 27

Disease was God’s punishmnet and man shouldn’t interfere.

Question 28

Describe the work of Edward Jenner.

Answer 28

Heard a milk maid clain that victims of cowpox never got smallpox, gave a nine year old called James Phipps cowpox and then a dose of smallpox. Phipps never got smallpox meaning he was immune. He took detailed notes and published the book “An Inquiry into the causes and effects of Varioae Vaccinae, or cow pox.

Question 29

How did the government support Jenner?

Answer 29

In 1802 he was given £10,000 and in 1907 a further £20,000 after the Royal College of physicians confirmed how effective his vaccination was.

Question 30

Why didn’t some people like Jenner’s vaccinations?

Answer 30

Physicians lost money as they charges £20 for inoculations, religious people thought it was God’s punishment, others thought it was a parental decision to vaccinate not the governments. In 1866 an Anti-Vaccine League was set up.

Question 31

When was smallpox vaccination made compulsory?

Answer 31

1853

Question 32

When was the Great Plague?

Answer 32

1665

Question 33

Where did the Great Plague occur?

Answer 33

It was centred in London

Question 34

Which section of society was blamed for the spread of the Plague?

Answer 34

Poor people

Question 35

Why were poorer members of society more at risk from the Great Plague?

Answer 35

Because they lived in poor quality overcrowded housing. This made them more exposed to rats, fleas and spreading the disease between people.

Question 36

What factor was significant in stopping the Great Plague that wasn’t present during the Black Death?

Answer 36

Government: Unlike in the Middle Ages the 17th Century saw the rise of an organised central government that implemented Public Health measures.

Question 37

What measures did the government make to try and stop the spread of the plague?

Answer 37

Entertainemnt stopped, animals removed from cities, cats and dogs killed, rubbish cleared from streets, fires lit, victims locked up for 40 days

Question 38

What measures were introduced by the Government in order to stop the Plague from Spreading?

Answer 38

Infected people were locked in their houses, the poor were forbidden to leave London, People were ordered to clean the streats outside of their houses, public prayers, weekly fasts.

Question 39

Why did preventing the poor from leaving London have a positive effect nationally?

Answer 39

Because it meant that the Plague was contained to London and wasn’t able to spread around the country.

Question 40

Why did locking infected people and their families in their houses stop the plague from spreading?

Answer 40

Because they were unable to spread the disease by coming into contact with other people. They would either recover from the disease or die before they could infect the wider population.

Question 41

Why was closing down public meeting places like taverns effective?

Answer 41

Because it prevented people from gathering in large groups, this meant that the plague couldn?t spread quickly among a large group of people.

Question 42

What led to the plague almost completely dying out at the end of 1665?

Answer 42

A extremely cold winter led to freezing temperatures which killed off the fleas that spread the disease.

Question 43

What event in 1666 helped to prevent any further outbreaks of the Plague?

Answer 43

The Great Fire of London

Question 44

How did the Great Fire of London (1666) help to stop the Plague from occuring again?

Answer 44

By destroying the poor quality housing that the rats and fleas thrived in. Also by killing most of the rats and fleas that were inhabiting London.

Question 45

How did the rebuilding of London make it harder for diseases to spread in the future?

Answer 45

Christopher Wrenn designed the new buildings in London to be more spaced out which made it harder for diseases to spread quickly.

Question 46

What is the Bubonic Plague?

Answer 46

When a person gets the plague after being bitten by a flea. This leads to swellings and Buboes to appear as the areas that have been bitten. It killed between 50-60% of those bitten.

Question 47

What is the Pneumonic Plague?

Answer 47

When a victim of the Plague has the infection reach their lungs they can spread it via coughing and sneezing. The victim then breathes in the infected particles which quickly enter their bloodstream. This form of the Plague is almost always fatal killing between 95-100% of those infected this way.