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Pharmacology > The Basics > Flashcards

The Basics Flashcards

1
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

What the drug does to the body

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2
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

What the body does to the drug

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3
Q

Ways drugs work

A 
Via enzymes (ACE inhibitors)
Receptor agonists (Salbutamol - beta agonist)
Receptor antagonists (Atenolol - beta blocker)
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4
Q

Pharmacodynamic interactions

A

Occur when 2 drugs work via different pathways to effect the same outcome
Diuretics and ACE inhibitors
Aspirin and clopidogrel
Digoxin and beta blockers

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5
Q

Methods of absorption

A 
Oral
IV
IM
SC
SL
Topical
Rectal
Intra-articular/ intra-ocular
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6
Q

First pass metabolism

A

Oesophagus > Absorption in stomach > splanchnic circulation > metabolism in liver > blood stream

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7
Q

Distribution methods

A

Some drugs are lipophilic - distributed around whole body

Some are hydrophilic - stay in plasma

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8
Q

How are drugs metabolised in liver?

A

Lipophilic drug >
Phase 1 (oxidation/ reduction/ hydrolysis) >
Phase 2 (conjugation with glucuronide/ sulphate) >
Hydrophilic drug

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9
Q

Drugs metabolised by P450 system

A 
Warfarin
Theophylline
Carbamazapine
Phenytoin
OCP
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10
Q

Inducers of P450 system

A 
REDUCE efficacy of drug
Carbamazapine
Phenytoin
Rifampicin
Chronic alcohol intake 
BBQ meat 
St John's Wort
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11
Q

Inhibitors of P450 system

A 
INCREASE efficacy of drug (toxicity)
Erythromycin
Ciprofloxacin
Miconazole
Sodium valproate 
Grapefruit juice
Cranberry juice
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12
Q

Elimination

A

Hydrophilic drugs are excreted unchanged eg digoxin
Some lipophilic drugs are metabolised into active metabolites eg opioids
These may accumulate in renal failure

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13
Q

Drug half life

A

Time taken for the plasma concentration of a drug to decrease to 50% of the original value

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14
Q

Drug half life: dosing frequency, time to reach steady state, loading dose

A

Short half life:
QDS
Quicky reaches steady state
No loading dose needed

Long half life:
OD
Slowly reaches steady state
Loading dose needed

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15
Q

Therapeutic index

A

Effect that a drug has on the body is dependant on dose
If too low = no effect
Too high = toxic
Narrow therapeutic index needs to be monitored

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16
Q

When do you need drug monitoring?

A

Drug has narrow therapeutic index
Symptoms may be due to side-effects of drug
Cannot predict how much drug pt needs
When there is concern that a pt may not be taking a drug

17
Q

Commonly monitored drugs

A 
Warfarin
Lithium
Digoxin
Carbamazapine
Phenytoin
Theophylline
18
Q

Prescribing cascade

A

Occurs when a medication is given to counteract the side effects of another medication

Pharmacology (13 decks)

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