The Autonomic Nervous System

Question 1

What are the 2 parts of the PNS?

Answer 1

1. somatic: voluntary muscle control of skeletal muscle
2. autonomic: involuntary control of viscera

Question 2

The autonomic system consists or what?

Answer 2

• sympathetic: fight or flight
• parasympathetic: rest, digest

Question 3

What lays close to the spinal cord in the sympathetic division?

Answer 3

paravertebral ganglia

Question 4

What are the pre-ganglionic neurons in the sympathetic system?

Answer 4

short cholinergic projections leave CNS and innervate ganglia

Question 5

What are the post-ganglionic neurons in the sympathetic system?

Answer 5

long adrenergic projections leave ganglia to innervate effector

Question 6

What is the exception in post-ganglionic neurons?

Answer 6

kidney has dopaminergic innervation

Question 7

What is the tissue and sympathetic action response in the eye?

Answer 7

• tissue: radial muscle
• response: contracts

Question 8

What is the tissue and sympathetic action response in the heart?

Answer 8

• tissue: SA node, contractility
• response: SA node ->accelerates; contractility: increases

Question 9

What is the tissue and sympathetic action response in the blood vessels?

Answer 9

• tissue: skeletal muscle, coronary
• response: both relax

Question 10

What is the tissue and sympathetic action response in the lung?

Answer 10

• tissue: bronchial smooth muscle
• response: relaxes

Question 11

What is the tissue and sympathetic action response in the genitourinary smooth muscle and GI tract?

Answer 11

• tissue: walls, sphincters
• response: walls -> relax; sphincter -> contracts

Question 12

What is the tissue and sympathetic action response in the skin?

Answer 12

• tissue: sweat glands
• response: increase

Question 13

What is the tissue and sympathetic action response in metabolism?

Answer 13

• tissue: liver, adipose tissue
• response: liver -> gluconeogenesis & glycogenolysis; adipose tissue -> lipolysis

Question 14

What is the pre-ganglionic neuron in the parasympathetic division?

Answer 14

long cholingeric projections that innervate ganglia near target organ

Question 15

What is the most important pre-ganglionic neuron in the parasympathetic system?

Answer 15

CN X (vagus)

Question 16

What is the post-ganglionic neuron in the parasympathetic division?

Answer 16

short cholinergic projections to target organ

Question 17

What is the tissue and parasympathetic action response in the eye?

Answer 17

• tissue: sphincter
• response: contracts

Question 18

What is the tissue and parasympathetic action response in the heart?

Answer 18

• tissue: SA node, contractility
• response: SA node -> decelerates; contractility -> decreases

Question 19

What is the tissue and parasympathetic action response in the lung?

Answer 19

• tissue: bronchial smooth muscle
• response: contracts

Question 20

What is the tissue and parasympathetic action response in the GI tract?

Answer 20

• tissue: walls, sphincters, secretion
• response: walls -> contracts; sphincters ->relaxes; secretion -> increases

Question 21

What is the tissue and parasympathetic action response in genitourinary smooth muscle?

Answer 21

• tissues: walls, sphincters
• response: walls -> contracts; sphincters -> relaxes

Question 22

What type of innervation do most organs receive?

Answer 22

dual innervation

Question 23

How does the sympathetic system affect the eye?

Answer 23

radial muscle contracts dilating the pupil

Question 24

How does the parasympathetic system affect the eye?

Answer 24

circular muscle contracts constricting the pupil

Question 25

What DOES NOT receive parasympathetic innervation?

Answer 25

* blood vessels * sweat glands * hair follicles

Question 26

What are the nicotinic receptors?

Answer 26

* ligand gated (fast) * Nm and Nn

Question 27

What are the muscarinic receptors?

Answer 27

* G protein coupled (slow) * M1, M2, M3, M4, M5

Question 28

Where are nicotinic Ach receptors found?

Answer 28

ganglia + skeletal muscle

Question 29

What are nicotinic agonists?

Answer 29

nicotine, DMPP, epibatidine

Question 30

What is the location and physiological response of Nm?

Answer 30

* location: neuromuscular juncture * repsonse: skeletal muscle contraction

Question 31

What is the location and physiological response of Nn?

Answer 31

* location: autonomic ganglia, brain * response: ganglionic transmission

Question 32

What are the muscarinic agonists?

Answer 32

muscarine, pilocarpine, oxotremorine

Question 33

What are the excitatory muscarinic receptors?

Answer 33

* odd numbers: M1, M3, M5 * elevate intracellular Ca

Question 34

What is the location and physiological response of M1?

Answer 34

* location: nerves * response: depolarization of neuron

Question 35

What is the location and physiological response of M3?

Answer 35

* location: glands, smooth muscle, endothelium, nerves * response: contraction of GI and bronchial smooth muscle, increase of GI secretions

Question 36

What is the location and physiological response of M5?

Answer 36

* location: CNS * response: modulate neuroexcitability and vascular tone

Question 37

What are the inhibitory muscarinic receptors?

Answer 37

* even numbers: M2, M4 * inhibit adenylyl cyclase -> decrease cAMP

Question 38

What is the G protein, location and physiological response of M2?

Answer 38

* G protein: Gi * location: heart, nerves, smooth muscle * response: decrease SA node firing rate, decrease ventricular contractile force

Question 39

What are the subtypes of adrenergic receptors?

Answer 39

1. alpha receptors (GPCR) 2. beta receptors (GPCR)

Question 40

What is the biochemical factor, location, and physiological response for alpha 1?

Answer 40

* biochemical factor: increase intracellular Ca * location: vascular smooth muscle, heart, liver * response: vasoconstriction, increase contractile force, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis

Question 41

What is the biochemical factor, location, and physiological response for alpha 2?

Answer 41

* biochemical factor: inhibit adenylyl cyclase * location: pancreas islets * response: decrease insulin secretion

Question 42

What is the effect of beta adrenergic receptors on cAMP?

Answer 42

increase cAMP via activation of adenyl cyclase

Question 43

What is the role of cAMP in beta receptors?

Answer 43

* increases contraction of the heart (beta 1) * decreases contraction vascular and bronchial smooth muscle

Question 44

What is the location and physiological response for beta 1?

Answer 44

* location: heart, juxtaglomerular cells * response: increase force and rate of contraction, increase renin secretion

Question 45

What is the location and physiological response for beta 2?

Answer 45

* response: relaxation, increasing bronchial secretions glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, increase insulin secretion * location: smooth muscle bronchial glands, liver

Question 46

What is the location and physiological response for beta 3?

Answer 46

* location: adipose tissue * response: lipolysis, no release

Question 47

The amygdala is known as what?

Answer 47

"higher centers" of control

Question 48

What is the baroreceptor reflex?

Answer 48

sensory afferent neurons that help modulate control based on various internal stimuli

Question 49

Sympathetic output relates to what?

Answer 49

peripheral vascular resistance

Question 50

Parasympathetic output relates to what?

Answer 50

heart rate

Question 51

What is the role of the spinal cord if the bladder is damaged?

Answer 51

sensory neurons at the dorsal root ganglion send signal to the spinal cord and trigger voiding

Question 52

What 2 things can be associated with the failure of the ganglion loop?

Answer 52

CHF and arrhythmias

Question 53

What allows for regulation of synaptic signaling?

Answer 53

the presence of heteroreceptors

Question 54

What is the role of heteroreceptors?

Answer 54

act as terminal receptors for other transmitters that may act either to stimulate or inhibit release at that terminal