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Neuroscience > Neurochemical Circuitry > Flashcards

Neurochemical Circuitry Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of nitric oxide?

A
  1. retrograde signaling
  2. increase cGMP -> regulates Ca homeostasis
  3. rapid signaling
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2
Q

How is nitric oxide synthesized?

A

from arginine via NO synthase on demand

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3
Q

How is carbon monoxide synthesized?

A

from heme via heme oxygenase

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4
Q

What characteristics do nitric oxide and carbon monoxide share?

A
  • NOT stored in vesicles
  • released via diffusion
  • NO receptors
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5
Q

What are the functions of carbon monoxide?

A
  1. retrograde signaling
  2. regulates cGMP -> mediates smooth muscle contraction
  3. rapid signaling
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6
Q

High affinity receptors are apart of what family?

A

Trk family

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7
Q

Low affinity receptors are apart of what family?

A

BDNF

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8
Q

Where are BDNF and NGF synthesized and released from?

A

soma and dendrites

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9
Q

Where are BDNF and NGF synthesized and released from after depolarization?

A

soma, dendrites, nerve terminals

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10
Q

What are the effects of BDNF?

A
  • neurogenesis
  • excitability
  • brain connectivity
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11
Q

What is the effect of too much BDNF?

A

affects plasticity and may affect learning

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12
Q

What is the effect of too little BDNF?

A

affects plasticity and linked to increased depressive episode

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13
Q

How is Ach synthesized?

A

choline + acetyl CoA by enzyme choline acetyltransferase

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14
Q

How is the action terminated in Ach?

A

hydrolysis by ACHE

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15
Q

What is the effect of too much ACh?

A

muscle contractions (ex: black widow venom)

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16
Q

What is the effect of too little ACh?

A

paralysis

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17
Q

What are the cholinergic circuits?

A
  1. basal forebrain neurons: degenerate in Alzheimer’s
  2. brainstem neurons: induces REM
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18
Q

How is serotonin synthesized?

A

from tryptophan by enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase

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19
Q

How is the action temrinated in serotonin?

A
  1. reuptake into presynaptic terminal
  2. catabolized by MAO-A
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20
Q

What are the indicated effects of serotonin?

A
  • mood control
  • homeostasis
  • appetite & digestion
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21
Q

What is the effect of too much serotonin?

A

serotonin syndrome:
* confusion
* twitching/trembling
* dialted pupils
* shivering/goosebumps
* headache
* sweating/diarrhea
* irregular/fast heart beat

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22
Q

What is the effect of too little serotonin?

A

schizophrenia: depression, sleep changes

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23
Q

What are serotonergic circuits?

A
  1. caudal raphe nucleus
  2. rostral raphe nucleus
24
Q

How is dopamine synthesized?

A

from tyrosine by enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase

25
Q

How is the action terminated in dopamine?

A
  1. reuptake into pre-post synaptic terminal
26
Q

What are the indicated effects?

A
  1. modulating movement
  2. inhibition of unwanted movement
27
Q

What are the effects of too much dopamine?

A

schizophrenia

28
Q

What are the effects of too little?

A

parkinson’s disease

29
Q

What are the dopaminergic circuits?

A
  1. ventral tegmental area
  2. substantia nigra
30
Q

What is the ventral tegmental area?

A
  • important for goal oriented/reward behaviors
  • actviated by drugs of abuse
31
Q

What is substantia nigra?

A
  • degenerate Parkinson’s disease
  • control posture and movement
32
Q

What is the key factor in liking?

A

serotonin -> mood stabilizer, wellbeing, happiness

33
Q

What is the key factor in wanting?

A

dopamine -> motivational role in brain’s reward system

34
Q

What is norepinephrine synthesized by?

A

dopamine -> tyrosine by enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase

35
Q

How is dopamine transported into vesicle ?

A

VMAT2

36
Q

How does dopamine turn into norepinephrine?

A

beta-hydroxylation

37
Q

How is action terminated in norepinephrine?

A
  1. reuptake into pre-synaptic terminal
  2. catabolized by MAO-A and COMT
38
Q

What are the indicated effects of norepinephrine?

A

alertness/attention

39
Q

What is the effect of too much norepinephrine?

A

icnreased blood pressure, anxiety, sweating, headaches

40
Q

What is the effct of too little norepinephrine?

A

lethargy, lock of focus, depression

41
Q

What is the noradrenergic circuit?

A

locus coeruleus

42
Q

How is glutamate synthesized?

A

from glutamine by enzyme glutaminase

43
Q

How is glutamate transported into the vesicle?

A

VGLUT

44
Q

How is the action temrinated in glutamate?

A

excitatory amino acid transproter

45
Q

Which 2 circuits are widespread?

A

glutaminergic and GABA

46
Q

What are the indicated effects of glutamate?

A
  1. main excitatory neurotransmitter
  2. role in synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory
  3. role in seizures
47
Q

What is the effect of too much glutamate?

A

excitotoxicity and seizures

48
Q

What is the effect of too little glutamate?

A

psychosis, coma, and death

49
Q

How is GABA synthesized?

A

dopamine -> glutamate by enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase

50
Q

How is the action terminated in GABA?

A

GABA transporter

51
Q

What is the indicated effects of GABA?

A

main inhibitory neurotransmitter

52
Q

What is the effect of too much GABA?

A

over-sedation, over-relaxing of muscle including the heart and respiration

53
Q

What is the effect of too little GABA?

A

anxiety, seizures

54
Q

What is an agonist of GABA receptors?

A

baclofen

55
Q

What is an antagonist of glutamate?

A

ketamine

Neuroscience (9 decks)

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