Neurological Sciences Flashcards
1
Q
What is rostal and caudal?
A
- rostral: towards the nose
- causdal: towards the tail
2
Q
When talking about the brain, dorsal and ventral mean?
A
superior and inferior
3
Q
What is axial radiographic?
A
subjects feet are coming out at you
4
Q
What is axial anatomic?
A
subjects head is coming up at you
5
Q
What are afferent neurons?
A
towards the brain/CNS
6
Q
What are efferent neurons?
A
away from the brain/CNS
7
Q
What are the 3 divisions of the brain?
A
- isocortex (neocortex)
- mesocortex
- allocortex
8
Q
What are the characteristics of the isocortex?
A
- 6 layers
- 90% of cerebral hemisphere
- sensor, motor, association
9
Q
What are the characteristics of the mesocortex?
A
- 3-6 layers
- majority of limbic lobe
10
Q
What are the characteristics of the allocortex?
A
- 3 layers
- hippocampal formation
- primary olfactory areas
11
Q
A single genetic mutation can cause what?
A
- microcephaly (no migration of neurons)
- Huntington’s disease
- neurofibromatosis
12
Q
What are dendrites?
A
branches that receive info. and transmit it to the cell body
13
Q
What are synapses?
A
- gap between cells
- chemicals cross the gap to convey info. by binding to receptors on the dendrites
14
Q
What’s the part of the neuron that conducts info. along the neuron?
A
axon
15
Q
The myelin sheath is formed by what?
A
- Schwann cell in PNS
- oligodendrocyte in CNS
16
Q
How many synapses are in the human brain?
A
100 trillion
100 billion neurons
17
Q
What happens to a neuron when there is an AP?
A
inside of the neuron becomes more positive
18
Q
What are the 2 types of synapses?
A
- chemical (most) and electrical
- chemical -> adaptability
- electrical -> speed
19
Q
What is the role of astrocytes?
A
- protect the environment
- glutamate/ATP
- glial scarring
20
Q
What are microglial cells?
A
- immune cells
- phagocytosis
- inflammation
21
Q
What are radial cells?
A
progenitors and migration scaffolding
22
Q
What are ependymal cells?
A
forms permeable barrier
23
Q
Few amount of dendrites allows for what?
A
specificity
24
Q
Many dendrites allow for what?
A
intensity or integration
25
What is the neocortex?
highly evolved and responsible for decision making, personality
26
What is the mesocortex?
limbic system responsible for emotion and memory function
27
What is the allocortex?
critical for creating new memories
28
What is the function of the frontal lobe?
* movement (motor cortex - post. portion of frontal lobe)
* complex behaviors: planning, changing strategies, self awareness
* production of speech (Broca's area)
29
What is the function of the parietal lobe?
* somatosensory perception
* some visually and acoustically related functions
* perception of space and in monitoring the body's position in space
30
What is the function of the temporal lobe?
* hearing
* some functions in vision, memory, factors of personality and social behavior
* comprehending spoken words (Wernicke's area)
31
Where do all the sense go before being processed?
thalamus
32
What are the subcortical structures?
thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, basal ganglia
33
What is the function of the thalamus?
information "relay station"
34
What is the function of the hypothalamus?
maintain homeostasis via hormones
35
What is the function of the limbic system?
* emotion and memory
* hippocampus and amygdala
36
What is the function of the basal ganglia?
decide whether to initiate movement or not
37
What is the function of the cerebellum?
motor control and coordination
38
What are the cranial nerves in the cerebrum?
* CN 1 (olfactory)
* CN 2 (optic)
39
What are the cranial nerves in the midbrain?
* CN 3 (oculomotor)
* CN 4 (trochlear)
40
What are the cranial nerves in the pons?
* CN 5 (trigeminal)
* CN 6 (abducens)
* CN 7 (facial)
* CN 8 (vestibulocochlear)
41
What are the cranial nerves in the medulla oblongata?
* CN 9 (glossopharyngeal)
* CN 10 (vagus)
* CN 11 (accessory)
* CN 12 (hypoglossal)
42
What is the function of the red nucleus in the midbrain?
upper ext. flexion
43
What is the function of the tectospinal tract in the midbrain, medulla, and pons?
head turn
44
What is the function of the central tegmental tract in the midbrain?
arousal
45
What is the function of the raphe nuclei in the midbrain, medulla, and pons?
serotonin: psychotropic medications
46
What is the function of the reticular formation in the midbrain, medulla and pons?
wakefulness
47
What is the function of the inferior colliculus in the midbrain?
auditory function
48
What is the function of the superior colliculus in the midbrain?
vision
49
What is the function of the rubrospinal tract in the pons?
upper ext. flexion
50
What is the function of the locus coeruleus in the pons?
noradrenaline
51
What is the function of the lateral lemniscus and superior olivary complex in the pons?
auditory
52
What part of the brain is the floor of 4th ventricle?
pons (has cerebellar peduncles)
53
What is the function of the inferior olive in the medulla?
climbing fibers
54
What is the function of the cunate nucleus in the medulla?
upper body
55
What is the function of the gracile nucleus in the medulla?
lower body
56
What is the function of the area postrema in the medulla?
vomiting
57
What parts of the medulla are known as pyramidal and lemniscal decussations
58
Sensory (afferent) tracts from .....
nerve endings to the CNS
59
Motor (efferent) tracts ....
from CNS to effector muscles/organs
60
What receives sensory information?
dorsal root ganglia
61
What sends out motor information?
ventral horn
62
What are upper neurons?
* originate in motor cortex/brainstem
* control signal output
63
What are lower motor neurons?
* spinal and cranial nerves
* signal output
64
What are the protective layers?
1. BBB: astrocytes + endothelial cells
2. meninges: dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
3. cerebrospinal fluid: cushion/buoyancy, maintains intracranial pressure, waste clearance
65
What are the characteristics of CT scans?
* 360 X-ray
* hypodense (dark): edma/infarction
* hyperdense (bright): calcifications, hemorrhage, bone trauma
66
What does an EEG show?
brain waves from an electrode array
67
What does an fMRI show?
oxygenated blood flow activity
68
What does a PET scan show?
radioactive molecules are fused with substance of interest
69
What technique is better than fMRI, PET, and SPECT?
MEG: direct measure of brain function
70
What does an MRI show?
tissue and fluid
