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Neuroscience > Neurological Sciences > Flashcards

Neurological Sciences Flashcards

1
Q

What is rostal and caudal?

A
  • rostral: towards the nose
  • causdal: towards the tail
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2
Q

When talking about the brain, dorsal and ventral mean?

A

superior and inferior

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3
Q

What is axial radiographic?

A

subjects feet are coming out at you

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4
Q

What is axial anatomic?

A

subjects head is coming up at you

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5
Q

What are afferent neurons?

A

towards the brain/CNS

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6
Q

What are efferent neurons?

A

away from the brain/CNS

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7
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the brain?

A
  • isocortex (neocortex)
  • mesocortex
  • allocortex
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8
Q

What are the characteristics of the isocortex?

A
  • 6 layers
  • 90% of cerebral hemisphere
  • sensor, motor, association
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9
Q

What are the characteristics of the mesocortex?

A
  • 3-6 layers
  • majority of limbic lobe
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10
Q

What are the characteristics of the allocortex?

A
  • 3 layers
  • hippocampal formation
  • primary olfactory areas
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11
Q

A single genetic mutation can cause what?

A
  • microcephaly (no migration of neurons)
  • Huntington’s disease
  • neurofibromatosis
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12
Q

What are dendrites?

A

branches that receive info. and transmit it to the cell body

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13
Q

What are synapses?

A
  • gap between cells
  • chemicals cross the gap to convey info. by binding to receptors on the dendrites
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14
Q

What’s the part of the neuron that conducts info. along the neuron?

A

axon

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15
Q

The myelin sheath is formed by what?

A
  • Schwann cell in PNS
  • oligodendrocyte in CNS
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16
Q

How many synapses are in the human brain?

A

100 trillion

100 billion neurons

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17
Q

What happens to a neuron when there is an AP?

A

inside of the neuron becomes more positive

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18
Q

What are the 2 types of synapses?

A
  • chemical (most) and electrical
  • chemical -> adaptability
  • electrical -> speed
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19
Q

What is the role of astrocytes?

A
  • protect the environment
  • glutamate/ATP
  • glial scarring
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20
Q

What are microglial cells?

A
  • immune cells
  • phagocytosis
  • inflammation
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21
Q

What are radial cells?

A

progenitors and migration scaffolding

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22
Q

What are ependymal cells?

A

forms permeable barrier

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23
Q

Few amount of dendrites allows for what?

A

specificity

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24
Q

Many dendrites allow for what?

A

intensity or integration

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25
Q

What is the neocortex?

A

highly evolved and responsible for decision making, personality

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26
Q

What is the mesocortex?

A

limbic system responsible for emotion and memory function

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27
Q

What is the allocortex?

A

critical for creating new memories

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28
Q

What is the function of the frontal lobe?

A
  • movement (motor cortex - post. portion of frontal lobe)
  • complex behaviors: planning, changing strategies, self awareness
  • production of speech (Broca’s area)
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29
Q

What is the function of the parietal lobe?

A
  • somatosensory perception
  • some visually and acoustically related functions
  • perception of space and in monitoring the body’s position in space
30
Q

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

A
  • hearing
  • some functions in vision, memory, factors of personality and social behavior
  • comprehending spoken words (Wernicke’s area)
31
Q

Where do all the sense go before being processed?

A

thalamus

32
Q

What are the subcortical structures?

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, basal ganglia

33
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

information “relay station”

34
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

maintain homeostasis via hormones

35
Q

What is the function of the limbic system?

A
  • emotion and memory
  • hippocampus and amygdala
36
Q

What is the function of the basal ganglia?

A

decide whether to initiate movement or not

37
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

motor control and coordination

38
Q

What are the cranial nerves in the cerebrum?

A
  • CN 1 (olfactory)
  • CN 2 (optic)
39
Q

What are the cranial nerves in the midbrain?

A
  • CN 3 (oculomotor)
  • CN 4 (trochlear)
40
Q

What are the cranial nerves in the pons?

A
  • CN 5 (trigeminal)
  • CN 6 (abducens)
  • CN 7 (facial)
  • CN 8 (vestibulocochlear)
41
Q

What are the cranial nerves in the medulla oblongata?

A
  • CN 9 (glossopharyngeal)
  • CN 10 (vagus)
  • CN 11 (accessory)
  • CN 12 (hypoglossal)
42
Q

What is the function of the red nucleus in the midbrain?

A

upper ext. flexion

43
Q

What is the function of the tectospinal tract in the midbrain, medulla, and pons?

A

head turn

44
Q

What is the function of the central tegmental tract in the midbrain?

A

arousal

45
Q

What is the function of the raphe nuclei in the midbrain, medulla, and pons?

A

serotonin: psychotropic medications

46
Q

What is the function of the reticular formation in the midbrain, medulla and pons?

A

wakefulness

47
Q

What is the function of the inferior colliculus in the midbrain?

A

auditory function

48
Q

What is the function of the superior colliculus in the midbrain?

A

vision

49
Q

What is the function of the rubrospinal tract in the pons?

A

upper ext. flexion

50
Q

What is the function of the locus coeruleus in the pons?

A

noradrenaline

51
Q

What is the function of the lateral lemniscus and superior olivary complex in the pons?

A

auditory

52
Q

What part of the brain is the floor of 4th ventricle?

A

pons (has cerebellar peduncles)

53
Q

What is the function of the inferior olive in the medulla?

A

climbing fibers

54
Q

What is the function of the cunate nucleus in the medulla?

A

upper body

55
Q

What is the function of the gracile nucleus in the medulla?

A

lower body

56
Q

What is the function of the area postrema in the medulla?

A

vomiting

57
Q

What parts of the medulla are known as pyramidal and lemniscal decussations

A
58
Q

Sensory (afferent) tracts from …..

A

nerve endings to the CNS

59
Q

Motor (efferent) tracts ….

A

from CNS to effector muscles/organs

60
Q

What receives sensory information?

A

dorsal root ganglia

61
Q

What sends out motor information?

A

ventral horn

62
Q

What are upper neurons?

A
  • originate in motor cortex/brainstem
  • control signal output
63
Q

What are lower motor neurons?

A
  • spinal and cranial nerves
  • signal output
64
Q

What are the protective layers?

A
  1. BBB: astrocytes + endothelial cells
  2. meninges: dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
  3. cerebrospinal fluid: cushion/buoyancy, maintains intracranial pressure, waste clearance
65
Q

What are the characteristics of CT scans?

A
  • 360 X-ray
  • hypodense (dark): edma/infarction
  • hyperdense (bright): calcifications, hemorrhage, bone trauma
66
Q

What does an EEG show?

A

brain waves from an electrode array

67
Q

What does an fMRI show?

A

oxygenated blood flow activity

68
Q

What does a PET scan show?

A

radioactive molecules are fused with substance of interest

69
Q

What technique is better than fMRI, PET, and SPECT?

A

MEG: direct measure of brain function

70
Q

What does an MRI show?

A

tissue and fluid

Neuroscience (9 decks)

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