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Neuroscience > Neurons and Glia > Flashcards

Neurons and Glia Flashcards

1
Q

What is the organization of the CNS?

A

brain, spinal cord, and neural portions of the eye

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2
Q

What is the organization of the PNS?

A

peripheral nerves, nerve endings, peripheral. nerve ganglia

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3
Q

What is the similarity between the CNS and PNS?

A

both have neurons and glia/supporting cells

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4
Q

What is the importance of glia?

A

needed for survival of neurons

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5
Q

What are the cells in the brain?

A

neurons, glia, endothelial cell (brain capillary), and ependymal cells (epithelial-like)

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6
Q

What are the types of glia?

A

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia

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7
Q

What are the components of the neurons in the CNS?

A

dendrites, axon, oligodendrocyte, node of ranvier, and nissl bodies

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8
Q

What are the components of the neurons in the PNS?

A

schwann cells, myelin, motor and plate

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9
Q

What type of cells contribute to myelination?

A

schwann cells

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10
Q

What are the components of the cytoskeleton?

A

microtubules, centriole, actin (microfilament) and intermediate filaments

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11
Q

What are the membrane bound organelles?

A

lysosome, vesicle, golgi, mitochondrion, S and R ER, and peroxisome

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12
Q

What are the components of the nucleus?

A

nuclear membrane and nucleolus

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13
Q

Nissl bodies and lipofuscin pigment make up the …?

A

neuronal cell body (soma)

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14
Q

Ribosomes and rough ER make up what?

A

nissl bodies

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15
Q

Lipofuscin pigment is also known as…

A

“age pigment”

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16
Q

What is a lipofuscin pigment?

A

lysosomes with degradation products (residual body)

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17
Q

Nissle bodies stain … with …. dye

A

dark; basic

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18
Q

Dendrites are extensions of the …

A

cell soma; contains proteins and organelles

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19
Q

Dendrites do what to the surface area of neurons for reception?

A

increase surface area

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20
Q

Are dendrites myelinated?

A

NO

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21
Q

What are the characteristics of dendrites?

A

many of them, ramified, spiny, taper as branch

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22
Q

What are the characteristics of axons?

A

one, straight, NO spines, NO taper

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23
Q

To conduct action potential is the purposed of what?

A

axons

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24
Q

Do axons have nissl bodies or organelles?

A

NO

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25
Q

Can axons be myelinated?

A

YES

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26
Q

Bipolar, pseudounipolar, and multipolar are types of ….

A

neurons

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27
Q

What is a bipolar neuron?

A

single axon emerges from either side of the cell body

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28
Q

What is a pseudounipolar neuron?

A

single axon divides a short distance from the cell body

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29
Q

What is a multipolar neuron?

A

many dendrites and a single long axon emerge from the cell body

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30
Q

What are examples of a multipolar neuron?

A

pyramidal and purkinje cells

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31
Q

Neuron types are associated with what?

A

locations in the CNS or PNS

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32
Q

What are the unique properties of neurons?

A
  1. conduct electrochemical signals after impulses are received on the dendrites or cell body
  2. neurons possess unique connections between cells -> synapses
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33
Q

What is the direction of information flow in neurons?

A

dendrites -> soma -> axon -> synapse

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34
Q

Why are microtubules necessary?

A

important for neuron life

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35
Q

What are microtubules composed of?

A

tubulin proteins

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36
Q

Where are actin/microfilaments present?

A

in all cell types

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37
Q

What are actin/microfilaments composed of?

A

G (globular) and F (filamentous) actin

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38
Q

What is G actin?

A

free actin in cytoplasm

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39
Q

What is F actin?

A

polymerized actin of the filament

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40
Q

Which end of F actin fast growing?

A

plus end

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41
Q

Which end of F actin slow growing?

A

minus

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42
Q

What do actin/microfilaments aid with within the cell?

A

transport

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43
Q

What are the diameters of the parts of the cytoskeleton?

A

microtubules: 25 nm
actin/microfilaments: 5 nm
intermediate: 10 nm

44
Q

What are intermediate filaments composed of?

A

neurofilament (light, medium, heavy)

45
Q

What are intermediate filaments used for?

A

identification of tissues

46
Q

What are the characteristics of intermediate filaments?

A

rope-like; heterogenous protein family (6 classes)

47
Q

What is apart of class 3 family for intermediate filaments?

A

vimentin (most distributed IF tissue)

48
Q

Vimentin is composed of ….

A
  1. glial acidic fibrillry protein -> astrocytes
  2. peripherin (peripheral nerve cells)
49
Q

What is apart of class 4 family for intermediate filaments?

A

neurofilaments and nestin (nerve cells)

50
Q

What are neurofilaments and where are they found?

A

neurofilament triplet proteins (L,H,M); in axons and dendrites of nerve cells

51
Q

What is nestin and where can it be found?

A

neural stem cells; muscle cells

52
Q

What are the two motor proteins?

A

kinesin and dynein

53
Q

What type of transport does kinesin mediate?

A

anterograde: AWAY from the cell

54
Q

What type of transport does dynein mediate?

A

retrograde: TOWARDS the cell/centrosome

55
Q

What is the transport of neurotransmitter and their precursors?

A

anterograde

56
Q

Which motor protein plays a role in ciliary and flagellar movement?

A

dynein

57
Q

In axonal transport, where does anterograde travel? Fast or slow?

A

from soma to synapse; FAST

58
Q

In axonal transport, where does retrograde travel? Fast or slow?

A

from synapse to soma; SLOW

59
Q

Which axonal transport serves as a potential entry for harmful substances from periphery to neuronal cell body?

A

retrograde

60
Q

What is the path of kinesin transport?

A
  1. organelles/vesicles attach to kinesin
  2. microtubule releases ADP
  3. kinesin moves along microtubule using ATP
61
Q

What is the path of dynein transport?

A
  1. organelles/vesicles attach to dynein
  2. dynein moves along microtubule using ATP
  3. ADP is released
62
Q

What are the types of synapses?

A

axosomatic, axoaxonic, axodendritic, and axospinous

63
Q

What is an axosomatic synapse?

A

an axon terminal ending on the soma of a neuron

64
Q

Which synapse is: an axon terminal contacting another axon terminal?

A

axoaxonic

65
Q

Which synapse is: an axon terminal ending on a dendrite?

A

axodendritic synapse

66
Q

What is an axospinous synapse?

A

an axon terminal facing a dendritic spine

67
Q

Bergman glia allows for…

A

migration of neurons

68
Q

What is Bergman glia?

A

functional interdependence of neuroglial cells and neurons during development

69
Q

What are the types of astrocytes?

A

protoplasmic and fibrous

70
Q

Where are protoplasmic astrocytes found?

A

in gray matter

71
Q

What astrocyte is found in white matter?

A

fibrous

72
Q

What glial cell is involved in myelination in the CNS?

A

oligodendrocytes

73
Q

Where can oligodendrocytes be found?

A

in white matter; found in gray but role unknown

74
Q

What is the function of astrocytes?

A
  1. nourishment of neurons
    2.maintenance of neurons
  2. protection of neurons
75
Q

Astrocytes serve as what type of barrier?

A

blood-brain barrier

76
Q

What is the only reservoir of glycogen in the brain?

A

astrocytes

77
Q

What glial cell serves as an index of CNS toxicity?

A

astrocytes

78
Q

How do astrocytes interconnect and outline the CNS?

A
  1. brain surface
  2. ependymal lining of ventricles
  3. synapses and blood vessels
  4. isolate synapses and nodes of ranvier
  5. surround foreign bodies in CNS
  6. form “glial scar” with high conc. of GFAP fibrils
79
Q

How do astrocytes react to injury?

A

by increasing GFAP

80
Q

Astrocytes form what type of junctions to permit cell transfer of small molecules/ions?

A

desmosomal (tight) and gap

81
Q

Why do astrocytes form syncytium junctions?

A

allow diffusion of ions/small cytoplasmic molecules between adjacent astrocytes

82
Q

What is the name of the gap junction protein?

A

connexin-43

83
Q

What is the microglia life cycle?

A
  1. enter CNS and become ameboid microglia to clear debris during development
  2. blood-brain barrier closes; becomes quiescent microglia
  3. activated by injury/infection
84
Q

What cells are the resident macrophages of the CNS?

A

phagocytic cells

85
Q

What type of glia is the primary responder to injury of the brain?

A

microglia

86
Q

What are examples of injuries microglia can respond to?

A

multiple sclerosis and trauma

87
Q

What are the 2 markers of microglia?

A

complement receptor 3 and MHC-2

88
Q

Microglial cells and astrocytes interact to modulate what?

A

immune responses

89
Q

How does microglia react to CNS injury?

A
  1. after damage. become progressively activated
  2. severe activation causes macrophages to form
  3. inflammation can lead to damage of neurons
90
Q

Myelin sheaths are synthesized by what?

A

oligodendrocytes

91
Q

Oligodendrocytes can myelinate how many axons?

A

SEVERAL

92
Q

What is the role of oligodendrocytes?

A
  1. wrap around axons of CNS neurons
  2. insulate axon and enhance speed of conduction of electrochemical impulses
93
Q

How do Schwann cells play a role in the myelination process?

A

wraps around ONE axon

94
Q

Schwann cells form….

A

myelin sheaths

95
Q

Stimuli from multiple synapses sum at the…

A

axon hillock

96
Q

What happens when a threshold is reached during impulse conduction?

A

an action potential (wave) is triggered

97
Q

Where does the action potential (wave) travel?

A

DOWN the axon

98
Q

What does the speed of the action potential depend on?

A

the diameter of the axon

99
Q

What is saltatory conduction?

A

when nerve impulses “jump” from node to node

100
Q

What are non-brain fenestrated capillaries?

A

have SMALL GAPS in plasma membrane of endothelial cells

101
Q

What are brain non-fenestrated capillaries?

A

have TIGHT junctions between endothelial cells

102
Q

How is the blood-brain barrier formed?

A

by endothelial cells with tight junctions and glial feet processed of astrocytes

103
Q

Why do astrocytes induce capillaries?

A

to form zonula occludens to limit diffusion of small molecules

104
Q

Ependymal cells line what surface?

A

inner surface of brain ventricles

105
Q

What are the functions of ependymal?

A
  1. movement of CSF
  2. bidirectional transport of materials between CSF and neuropil
106
Q

Where can ependymal cells be modified within to produce CSF (part of choroid plexus)?

A

ventricles

107
Q

What makes up the volume of the brain?

A

half is neurons; Other half is neuroglia/glia

Neuroscience (9 decks)

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