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HPL > The atmosphere > Flashcards

The atmosphere Flashcards

1
Q

Hvernig myndir þú reikna svona dæmi: “To maintain sea level conditions at 25000ft, the oxygen percentage you are breathing needs to be..”

A
  1. Þú notar bara 1013*e(-25,000/24,000) = 357
  2. 357/1013 = 35%
  3. 100% - 35% = 65% (gróflega).
    Þú ert basicly að finna út hvað þrýstingurinn er mikið af 1013 og ef hann er bara 35%, þá þarftu 65% oxygen til að vinna upp á móti.
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2
Q

Ef þú finnur einkennin cyanosis, somnolence og increased heart rate, hverju gætir þú verið að lenda í?

A

hypoxia

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3
Q

Hvað er physiological safe altitude hátt ef þú andar 100% súrefni?

A

40,000

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4
Q

Dizzy, tingling, rapid heart rate. Hvað gæti verið að?

A

hyperventilation.

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5
Q

Ef þú ferð í 18,000 ft þá lækkar loftþrýstingur um helming en hvað gerist fyrir partial oxygen pressure?

A

Hann lækkar líka um helming

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6
Q

Which gas combines most readily with haemoglobin?

A

Carbon MONOXIDE. Bindst 210-250x betur heldur en súrefni.

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7
Q

Mercury is toxic but is it corrosive?

A

Yes

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8
Q

Hvaða þáttur skiptir máli í að oxygen diffuses from the lungs into the blood?

A

Partial pressure of oxygen.

Partial pressure er ekki eins í öllum hæðum, sveiflast bara með loftþrýstingnum sjálfum held ég.

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9
Q

Rate and depth of breathing is controlled by

  1. carbon monoxide
  2. carbon dioxide
A
  1. carbon dioxide
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10
Q

Einkenni Hypventilation eru lík einkennum..

A

Hypoxia

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11
Q

Hypoxia can be caused by a lack of ___ blood cells

A

red

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12
Q

Hvað er að gerast í decompression sickness?

A

Over saturated nitrogen gas molecules in body tissues.

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13
Q

+Gz getur valdið ___out

A

grayout

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14
Q

Hvað er gray-out?

A

peripheral vision progressively lost, central vision loses acuity.

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15
Q

Ef þú ofandar, hvað gerist fyrir carbon dioxide og fyrir blóðið..

A

Carbon dioxide minnkar, blóð verður alkaline.

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16
Q

Linear accelerations (Gx) may cause sensory illusions on the ____.

A

pitch axis.

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17
Q

Hvað kallast “a state of oxygen deficiency in the body”?

A

Hypoxia

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18
Q

Hyperventilation is

a) too high percentage of oxygen in the blood
b) increased lung ventilation

A

b) increased lung ventilation

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19
Q

Relative humidity measures percentage of ______ saturation.

A

water vapour

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20
Q

Hvar á jörðinni finnur þú mest fyrir cosmic radiation?

A

poles

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21
Q

TUC (Time of useful consciousness):

a) 20,000 ft:
b) 40,000 ft.

A

a) 30 minutes

b) 15 - 20 sec

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22
Q

TUC (Time of useful consciousness):

a) 25,000 ft
b) 35,000 ft

A

a) 2-3 mín

b) 30-90 sec

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23
Q

TUC (Time of useful consciousness) at 30,000 ft is..

A

1-2 min.

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24
Q

Ozone getur valdið pulmonary ____.

A

oedema.

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25
Q

Hvað er Carbon dioxide mikill hluti andrúmsloftsins (%) ?

A

0.03%

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26
Q

Hvernig getur þú greint á milli hypoxia og hyperventilation?

A

Cyanosis (Blue lips and finger nails) gerist bara í hypoxia.

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27
Q

Af hverju er vafasamt að gefa blóð fyrir flug?

a) Blood pressure will be too low
b) You are more likely to get hypoxia

A 
b) You are more likely to get hypoxia
Það eru til nokkur svör við svona spurningu, þetta er forgangsröðin á réttu svari:
1. hypoxia
2. increased susceptibility to fainting
3. low blood pressure
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28
Q

An average human breathes __-__ times per minute

A

12-20 (meðaltal 16x á mínútu)

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29
Q

Hvað er tidal volume og hversu mikið er það?

A

Það sem þú andar inn og út. 500ml.

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30
Q

Hvað er Inspiratory reserve?

A

Það sem þú getur “troðið mest” ofan í lunguna á þér

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31
Q

Hvað er expiratory reserve?

A

Það sem þú getur andað út extra, eftir að þú ert búinn að taka venjulega öndun.

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32
Q

Hvað er residual reserve og hversu mikið er það

A

Það sem þú nærð ekki að anda inn/út (er alltaf í lungunum) og það er 1200ml.

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33
Q

Usually the body has a remarkable storage of

a) oxygen
b) carbon dioxide

A

b) carbon dioxide

Líkaminn getur geymt carbon dioxide í beinunum.

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34
Q

Hvernig gætir þú lent í carbon monoxide poisoning og er muscular spasm einkenni?

A

Gætir lent í þessu ef það pústar frá vélinni inn í cabinið. Nei muscular spasm er ekki einkenni. Einkennin eru headache, nausea, dizziness.

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35
Q

Hvað er “the critical threshold” og hversu hátt liggur þetta?

A

Hversu hátt þú getur farið án auka súrefnis. Þetta er í 20,000 ft.

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36
Q

Hvað gerist fyrir total pressure og partial pressure við að hækka flugið?

A

bæði droppa.

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37
Q

Hvað gerist fyrir partial pressure þessa gasa við hækkun flugs?
a) oxygen b) nitrogen c) carbon dioxide

A

oxygen og nitrogen minnka í partial pressure en carbon dioxide heldur sér.

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38
Q

A human breathing 100% oxygen at 33700ft is the equivalent of breathing air at..

A

sea level.
Þú veist að með 100% oxygen þá ertu í sea level at 40,000 ft. Ef þú ert í raun neðar þá er það bara betra, ert með fullkomna “nýtingu”.

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39
Q

Hjartað samanstendur af two ___, two ___ og four ___.

A

atria, ventricles, valves

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40
Q

Hvað passar ekki hér inn:

a) leans b) chokes c) bends d) creeps

A

a) leans

chokes, bends og creeps eru einkenni decompression sickness

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41
Q

How long after snorkelling do you have to wait before flying?

A

no time (þetta er ekki scuba diving en þá væri þetta 12 hours)

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42
Q

Hvað er rakastig hátt í typical pressurized aircraft?

A

5-15%

43
Q

Skiptir duration of G force máli í physiological effects of acceleration? En onset rate?

A

já, já

44
Q

Skiptir magnitude og direction of G forces máli í physiological effects of acceleration?

A

já, já

45
Q

Hvernig er blóðið í pulmonary artery?

A

lacking in oxygen, rich in carbon dioxide.

46
Q

____ carry blood away from the heart to the periphery.

A

Arteries.

47
Q

What are the vessels called which lie between the heart and lungs?

A

Pulmonary arteries

48
Q

Blood supply to a certain part of the brain is cut off. This is called a..

A

stroke

49
Q

An individual who has consumed 1 ounce of alcohol can have a physiological altitude of ___ ft.

A

2000

50
Q

The general gas law states: the volume of a gas multiplied by it’s ___ divided by it’s absolute temperature is constant.

A

pressure.

general gas law: P * V / T = Constant

51
Q

Ef þú ert með hypoxia, hefur það verulega áhrif á getuna til að withstand G forces?

A

Já

52
Q

Verður lækkun á loftþrýstingi meiri og meiri með hæð?

A

Nei, mesta lækkunin verður neðarlega, svo verður minna rate of change eftir því sem ofar dregur.

53
Q

Gildi partial pressure eftirfarandi gasa í pulmanory alveoli er..
a) C02 b) H20 c) O2

A

C02: 40mmHg
H20: 47mmHg
O2: 100mg

54
Q

The relative humidity measures percentage of ____ saturation

A

water vapour

55
Q

The momentum of gas exchange in respiration is dependent on the ____ gradient between the participating gases during respiration.

A

pressure

56
Q

Er pressurised cabins að hjálpa til að fyrirbyggja corinary disease?

A

já

57
Q

Við hvaða hæð gætir þú farið að finna til hypoxia?

A

6000 ft

58
Q

Hvað hefur meiri áhrif á flugmann, linear acceleration (Gx) eða Radial acceleration (Gz)?

A

Radial (Gz)

59
Q

Blood pressure is measured at the same height as the ___.

A

heart

60
Q

When carbon dioxide levels in blood is lowered it will result in:

a) less oxygen to be diffused into the cells.
b) a poor saturation of oxygen in the blood

A

a) less oxygen to be diffused into the cells.

61
Q

Cabin pressure in airline operations is at what feets?

A

6000-8000 ft

62
Q

A balloon is often used to demonstrate who’s law?

A

Boyle

63
Q

What controls the volume of breathing?

a) Receptor cells in the brain
b) alveoli in the lungs

A

a) Receptor cells in the brain

64
Q

Hypoxia can

a) occur because the percentage of oxygen is lower at high altitudes
b) lead to a hyperventilation

A

b) lead to a hyperventilation

65
Q

Hyperventilation can cause unconsciousness because…

A

blood circulation to the brain is slowed down.

66
Q

Blood consists of __% blood cells and __% blood plasma

A

45% blood cells, 55% blood plasma

67
Q

When spinning an aircraft, the predominating type of acceleration will be ___ acceleration

A

angular

68
Q

Breathing 100% oxygen at 40,000 ft is equivalent to breathing ambient air at..

A 
Það sem þú þarft að vita er að við hver 18,000 ft helmingast þrýstingur. Í þessu dæmi þá þarftu því að helminga 40,000 tvisvar sinnum = 10,000 (sem er svarið).
Ég veit þetta er ömurleg aðferð en þetta er sú eina sem ég hef.
69
Q

Þú þarft carbon dioxide í blóðinu til að oxygen nái að

A

diffuse into the cells

70
Q

Nefndu fjóru gerðirnar sem til eru af hypoxia: hypoxic, hypaemis, stagnant og ___.

A

histotoxic.

71
Q

Í hypoxic hypoxia færðu short term memory impairment við hæðina..

A

12,000 ft.

72
Q

Hvað er “the critical” eða “the lethal zone” þegar þú ert ekki að nota súrefni?

A

22,000 ft

73
Q

If an airmass is heated/cooled, it’s relative humidity increases.

A

Cooled

Airmass heated -> víkkar um frumeindirnar og það er hægt að bera meira vatn (meira “pláss”) = RH decreases

og öfugt.

74
Q

Þegar það er talað um long duration acceleration, þá er meint að acceleration vari lengur en..

A

1 sek.

75
Q

Transport of oxygen in the blood is made in combination with ___.

A

haemoglobin.

76
Q

Hypoxia is caused by reduced partial oxygen pressure in the ___.

A

lung.

77
Q

Hvað nærðu miklu oxygen saturation of blood með því að hafa pressurized cabin?

A

90%

78
Q

Hvaða æðar flytja blóð að hjarta?

A

Coronary arteries

79
Q

Í hvaða hæð byrjar mannslíkaminn að bregðast við pressure droppi í súrefni?

A

6000 - 7000 ft

80
Q

Hvaða acceleration hefur mest áhrif á flugmann?

a) Transverse Gy
b) Radial Gz
c) Linear Gx

A

b) Radial Gz

81
Q

Á hvaða stigi hypoxia ertu farinn að missa night vision verulega?

a) anaemic phase
b) compensatory

A

b) compensatory

82
Q

List the four major types of hypoxia

a) hypoxic, hypaemic, hyperventic, histotoxic
b) hypoxic, hypaemic, stagnant, histotoxic

A

b) hypoxic, hypaemic, stagnant, histotoxic

Hérna þyrfti ég að muna bara að það er til eitthvað sem kallast stagnant hypoxia.

83
Q

Hvernig getur þú lent í stagnant hypoxia?

A

Excessive G-forces

84
Q

Í hvaða hæð byrjar short term memory impairment í hypoxic hypoxia?

A

12,000 ft

85
Q

What controls the volume of breathing? The ___ cells in the brain

A

receptor

86
Q

Ef þú ert spurður um volume of air (hlutfall m.v. sea level) Hvernig finnur þú það út og hvað er hlutfallið við 10,000, 18000, 27000 og 36000ft?

A 
10000ft = 3/4
18000ft = 1/2
27000ft = 1/3
36000ft = 1/4
Þarft bara að mun að þetta helmingast við 18,000 ft og þetta er þá uþb 3/4 við helminginn af því (ca 9000). Svo virðist þetta bara vera 9x taflan upp úr því.
87
Q

The general gas law: the volume of a gas multiplied by it’s pressure divided by it’s _______ is constant.

A

absolute temperature

88
Q

When spinning an aircraft, the main acceleration will be angular/radial acceleration.

A

angular

89
Q

Internal respiration: Blood exchange by blood capillaries of the body and tissue fluids surrounding the cells (____ process)

A

metabolic

90
Q

External respiration: Gas exchange between the _____ and the blood capillaries of the lungs.

A

alveoili

91
Q

Hvað heitir stöffið sem flytur súrefnið með blóðinu?

A

Haemoglobin

92
Q

Records of radiation are usually kept for flight above ___ ft.

A

49,000

93
Q

Hvaða þrjár tegundir af errors eru í TEM model?

A

Aircraft handling-, communication- and procedural errors.

Annað: Basic components í TEM er threats, errors og undesired aircraft states.

94
Q

Competency skv. Annex 1 er: The combination of skills, knowledge and _____ required to perform a task to the required standard.

A

attitudes

95
Q

Hvað stendur TAWS fyrir?

A

Terrain Awareness and Warning System

96
Q

Hvað stendur ACAS fyrir?

A

Aircraft Collision Avoidance System

97
Q

Er safety culture að þróast með tímanum eða alltaf eins

A

stable and resistent to change.

98
Q

What acceleration has the most effect on a pilot? Radial, linear eða transverse

A

Radial

99
Q

Hvað er human error mikið hlutfall af slysum?

A

70%

100
Q

Hver er munurinn á radial- og angular acceleration?

A

Radial: þá ertu að sveiflast í kringum punkt sem er fyrir utan líkama þinn. Ímyndaðu þér kúlukastara.
Angular: Þú snarsnýst í kringum punkt sem gæti verið t.d. í líkama þínum.

101
Q

Boyle’s law states:

a. Provided that temperature is constant, the volume of gas is inversely proportional to its pressure.
b. The total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressure of the constituent gases.
c. Provided that pressure is constant, the volume of a fixed mass of gas varies directly with the absolute temperature.
d. At equilibrium, the amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is proportional to the gas pressure.

A

a. Provided that temperature is constant, the volume of gas is inversely proportional to its pressure.

Hugsaðu með þér Boyle er að boila þetta.. “temperature constant”

102
Q

Getur pressure breathing valdið hyper ventilism? En jogging?

A

já, nei

103
Q

True or false; Breathing pure oxygen reduces the effects of carbon monoxide.

A

True

HPL (18 decks)

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