Kaflar 7 - 17 Flashcards by E E

Having successfully overcome a stressful situation once, how will the person react if placed in the same or similar situation a second time?

a. There will be little difference
b. He/she will know what is ahead and be already in a stressful condition thus
stress will increase
c. He/she will feel more confident and therefore stress will reduce
d. It will depend on the individual

c. He/she will feel more confident and therefore stress will reduce

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What is the purpose of the “sympathetic” nervous system?

a. To control the emotional response under stressful conditions
b. To control the effects of adrenalin
c. To return the body to homeostasis after the “fight or flee” syndrome
d. To prepare the body for “fight or flight”

d. To prepare the body for “fight or flight”

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What is the purpose of the “parasympathetic” nervous system?

a. To prolong the body’s mobilisation and return the body to normal after the “fight or flight” syndrome
b. To prepare the body for “fight or flee”
c. To direct the adrenalin to the correct organs of the body
d. To return the body to normal after an emotional response under stressful
conditions

a. To prolong the body’s mobilisation and return the body to normal after the “fight or flight” syndrome

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What part of the body is affected with the vibration in the 4 to 10 Hz frequency range?

a. The brain plus there will be a headache
b. The chest plus there will be an abdominal pain
c. The respiration plus pains in the chest
d. The pulse rate

b. The chest plus there will be an abdominal pain

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Which graph shows the relationship between arousal and performance?

a. A U-shaped graph
b. An inverted U-shaped graph
c. A straight line graph
d. An M-shaped graph

b. An inverted U-shaped graph

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Which life stressor is said to cause the most stress?

a. Home/work interface
b. Divorce
c. Death of a family member
d. Death of a spouse, partner or child

d. Death of a spouse, partner or child

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Broadly speaking the GAS Syndrome consists of three categories of reactions. These are:

a. somatic, psychosomatic, physiological
b. physiological, psychosomatic, psychological
c. somatic, physiological, psychological
d. somatic, psychosomatic, psychological

d. somatic, psychosomatic, psychological

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Stress factors are:

a. non-cumulative
b. cumulative
c. stress reactions
d. stress coactions

b. cumulative

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The best strategies to increase stress tolerance are:

a. planning, experience and self-control (fewer unexpected situations)
b. learning, experience and anticipation
c. learning, experience and CRM
d. planning, experience and CRM

c. learning, experience and CRM

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Once the blood temperature rises above ……………, the homeostatic mechanisms within the body can no longer cope.

a. 40°C
b. 35°C
c. 50°C
d. 41°C

d. 41°C

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A comfortable humidity for most people in normal clothing is:

a. 40% - 50%
b. 30% - 40%
c. 20% - 50%
d. 40% - 60%

d. 40% - 60%

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Where are visual and auditory stimuli initially stored?

a. They are stored in the short-term/working memory for a period of time
b. They are stored in the short-term memory for a short time
c. They are stored in the echoic and iconic memory
d. They are stored in the semantic and episodic memory

c. They are stored in the echoic and iconic memory

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How long will the iconic memory store information?

a. 1 - 2 seconds
b. 2 - 3 seconds
c. 0.5 - 1 second
d. 7 seconds ±2 seconds maximum

c. 0.5 - 1 second

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How long will the Echoic memory store information?

a. 2 - 8 seconds
b. 10 - 15 minutes
c. 10 - 20 seconds
d. Normally up to 15 minutes

a. 2 - 8 seconds

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In sensory memory/stores there is a separate store for each sensory system.

a. True
b. False

a. True

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How many separate items can be held in the short-term memory?

a. 8± 2
b. 9± 2
c. 7± 2
d. 6± 2

c. 7± 2

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Define “episodic” memory:

a. it is the memory of events which are held in the long-term memory and is influenced by experience
b. it is the memory of events which are held in the short-term memory and is influenced by experience
c. it is the memory of events which are held in the long-term memory and is influenced by meaning
d. it is the memory of events which are held in the short-term memory and is influenced by meaning

a. it is the memory of events which are held in the long-term memory and is influenced by experience

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Define “semantic” memory:

a. it is the meaning of words and lasts shorter than episodic memory and is less accurate
b. it is the memory of events which are held in the short-term memory and is influenced by experience
c. it is the meaning of words and lasts longer than episodic memory as well as being more accurate
d. it is the memory of events which are held in the short-term memory and is influenced by meaning

c. it is the meaning of words and lasts longer than episodic memory as well as being more accurate

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Environmental capture is associated with:

a. long-term memory
b. working memory
c. short-term memory
d. motor programmes

d. motor programmes

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With reference to human information processing, why is the attention mechanism required?

a. Because the number of stimuli around us are too many
b. Because the stimuli around us all happen at the same time and we need a filter mechanism of some kind
c. Because the capacity of the short-term memory and the rate of information processing are limited
d. Because the brain needs to prioritize

b. Because the stimuli around us all happen at the same time and we need a filter mechanism of some kind.

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What is qualitative overload?

a. When there are too many responses to be made in the time available
b. When the amount of information is perceived to be beyond the attentional
capacity and the task is too difficult
c. When too many responses are required
d. When responses get transposed due to overload of work

b. When the amount of information is perceived to be beyond the attentional

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Two of the factors affecting long-term memory are:

a. expectation and suggestion
b. repetition and echoism
c. amnesia and anxiety
d. anxiety and concentration

a. expectation and suggestion

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Generally human error can be split into two categories:

a. faults and static errors
b. static errors and faults
c. dynamic and static errors
d. faults and slips

d. faults and slips

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An experienced pilot reacting to an engine failure is demonstrating?

a. Imitation learning
b. Operant conditioning learning
c. Skill learning
d. Insight learning

b. Operant conditioning learning

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What behaviour is used to carry out a fire drill? a. Skill-based b. Rule-based c. Knowledge-based d. A combination of rule-based and knowledge-based

b. Rule-based

Rule-based behaviour involves: a. short-term and long-term memory b. short-term and iconic memory c. long-term and episodic-memory d. short-term, long term and episodic-memory

a. short-term and long-term memory

Action slip is an error of: a. skilled-based behaviour b. knowledge-based behaviour c. rule-based behaviour d. none of the above

a. skilled-based behaviour

The tendency to call to mind common experiences or scenarios from the past and link them incorrectly to a perceived mental model is called: a. confirmation bias b. action slip c. environmental capture d. frequency bias

d. frequency bias

If a runway slopes downwards, how does this affect the pilots’ approach? a. It is likely to be too high b. It is likely to be too low c. It is likely to be too fast d. It is likely to be too slow

a. It is likely to be too high EAK: Hugsaði þetta þannig að þér finnst hún vera mun lengri en hún er, ætlar að lenda innar (hærri).

What are the main visual cues for rounding out? a. Round out height and speed b. Confirmation of decision height and closing speed c. Closing speed and height check d. Apparent speed of ground objects increases and texture of ground changes.

d. Apparent speed of ground objects increases and texture of ground changes.

How do misty/foggy conditions affect the pilots judgement on the approach? a. Underestimating range due to illusionary effect through cockpit glass b. Underestimating range due to the lights appearing dim c. Underestimating range due to illusionary effect through cockpit glass d. Overestimating range due to the lights appearing dim

d. Overestimating range due to the lights appearing dim Heldur greinilega að þú sért lengra í burtu í þoku en þú ert í raun.

What is the duration of a saccade and rest period? a. 0.3 seconds b. 0.5 seconds c. 0.013 seconds d. 1 second

a. 0.3 seconds

What visual technique should be used when searching for an aircraft? a. Sweep from side to side with the eyes covering the whole field of vision b. Search the sky portion by portion starting on the left c. Pinpoint 10° segments of the sky and confirm before passing onto another d. Use a succession of small and rapid eye movements

c. Pinpoint 10° segments of the sky and confirm before passing onto another

Refraction, due to rain on the windscreen, makes the approach: a. steeper b. shallower c. faster d. slower

b. shallower

The blooming effect of rain makes: a. the runway appear closer b. the runway appear further away c. does not effect runway perception d. the instruments difficult to read

a. the runway appear closer

What are the laws that the Gestalt Theory propose? a. The laws of Perception b. The laws of Perceptual Illusions c. The laws of Perceptual Reception d. The laws of Perceptual Organization

d. The laws of Perceptual Organization

Another name for the illusion associated with acceleration is: a. the somatogyral illusion b. the somatogravic illusion c. motion sickness d. air sickness

b. the somatogravic illusion

How long is a free running circadian rhythm? a. 24 hours b. 48 hours c. 25 hours d. 29 hours

c. 25 hours

When does orthodox (slow wave sleep) occur and what does it restore? a. It occurs early in the sleep cycle - stages 3 & 4 and it restores the body b. It occurs early in the sleep cycle - stages 3 & 4 and it restores the brain c. It occurs early in the sleep cycle - stages 1 & 2 and it restores the body d. It occurs late in the sleep cycle - stages 3 & 4 and it restores the brain

a. It occurs early in the sleep cycle - stages 3 & 4 and it restores the body

If the sleeper awakes early, how does this affect the next sleep pattern? a. The sleeper goes into a “sleep deficit” and will need more sleep b. The sleeper goes into a “sleep deficit” and will need twice the amount of sleep lost to catch up c. They will “rebound” so that the current sleep pattern will make up those stages lost in the previous spell of sleep d. The sleeper goes into a “sleep deficit” which is carried forward

c. They will “rebound” so that the current sleep pattern will make up those stages lost in the previous spell of sleep

How many stages are there in a sleep cycle? a. 3 stages plus REM b. 4 stages plus REM c. 3 stages including REM d. 4 stages including REM

b. 4 stages plus REM

How long is a sleep cycle? a. 90 minutes b. 120 minutes c. 60 minutes d. 30 minutes

a. 90 minutes

What will an EOG trace during REM sleep? a. Little activity b. A lot of activity c. Intermittent activity d. No activity

b. A lot of activity

How long does it take for the circadian rhythm to resynchronize to local time after crossing time zones? a. Approximately 2 days per 1 to 2 hours of time change b. Approximately 1 day per 1 to 2 hours of time change c. Approximately 2 days per 1 to 1 1⁄2 hours of time change d. Approximately 1 day per 1 to 1 1⁄2 hours of time change

d. Approximately 1 day per 1 to 1 1⁄2 hours of time change

Hypovigilance is akin to a microsleep. a. True b. False

true

What is the most effective way of analysing personality? a. Group therapy b. Written questionnaires c. Personal interviews d. Two dimensional model analysis

b. Written questionnaires

How would a person who is aggressive and changeable be described? a. Aggressive extrovert b. Unpredictable extrovert c. Unreliable extrovert d. Anxious extrovert

d. Anxious extrovert

What are the personality traits of a good pilot? a. Reliable and stable b. Stable and extroverted c. Reliable and extroverted d. Reliable, calm and extroverted

b. Stable and extroverted

What “P” and “G” qualities should a pilot have? a. G + P + b. G + P + c. G ++ P + d. P + P +

b. G + P +

If an average ability group make a decision, is it likely to be better or worse than one made by the individual members? a. Worse b. Tends to be either c. 75% of the time better d. Better

d. Better

If a group - with someone who has above average ability - makes a decision, is the decision likely to be better or worse than one made by the above average person on their own? a. Unlikely to be better b. Likely to be better c. Likely to be worse d. It depends on the number of the members of the group

a. Unlikely to be better

What should a Captain do before making a non-urgent decision? a. Put his own view forward and then ask for the opinions of other members of the crew b. Consider all the implications c. Encourage ideas from the crew before stating his own opinion d. Monitor his motor programme (flying)

c. Encourage ideas from the crew before stating his own opinion

Is a constituted crew an advantage in commercial aviation?

Held að svarið við þessu sé bara nei.

The Laissez-faire cockpit may arise when: a. the Captain is suffering from stress b. the Captain is preoccupied c. on a competent co-pilot’s leg d. on an incompetent co-pilot’s leg

c. on a competent co-pilot’s leg

To counteract an authoritarian cockpit crews should: a. ensure that they ensure that their opinions are heard in spite of possible confrontation b. remain silent and sort it all out on the ground c. cooperate in a conciliatory form but the contents of this cooperation is firm d. obtain support from another crew member

c. cooperate in a conciliatory form but the contents of this cooperation is firm

When will your personality develope?

Your first years

Leadship style is divided into.. (two things)

task oriented and relationship oriented.

Which of the following answers include situational awareness skills? Monitor, evaluate and _____.

anticipate

Hvað eru links í error chain?

Held að þetta séu bara atriði sem auka líkur á errorum.

Cockpit authority gradient: Authoritative/Autocratic, Laissez-faire, synergistic

Autocratic

Cohesion within groups gives you team spirit/groupthink ?

team spirit

Captain er með óreyndum en áhugasömum flugmanni, best er að leyfa honum að..

fljúga sjálfum og segja lítið nema þörf sé á.

Áður en þú truflar kafteininn þegar hann er upptekinn..

þá áttu að að minna hann á hvað hann var að gera áður en þú truflaðir.

Hver er skilgreiningin á followership?

the ability or capacity to actively follow a leader.

Does communication use up resources?

Yes

Smaller objects are thought to be further away, hvað heitir þessi skynvilla?

Top-down processing.

Í hvaða memory eru motor programme (skills) geymt?

Long term memory.

_____ of the stimuli provides the basis of all perception.

Intensity

Learning a task by imitation is called..

Modelling

Gestalt laws formulate: Basic principles governing how objects are _____ and perceived.

mentally organized

Hvað þýðir Psychosomatic?

Mental stressors can manifest into organic stress reaction.

Hver eru þrjú stig GAS (General Adaption Syndrome)?

Alarm phase, resistance phase, exhaustion phase.

Is being over talkative a symptom of fatique?

New state of equilibrium after having coped with a stressful situation is called..

Adaption

Maintainance of man’s internal equilibrium is called..

homeostasis

Acute þýðir

short-term

The relationship between arousal and flying performance can be described by the form of an...

inverted U

Hvað er Sensory threshold?

Stimuli must be of a certain strength for receptors to pick it up.

Hvaða þrjú skref hefur Anderson's acquirement of skills?

Cognitive, associative and automatic.

Does a lack of stimulation lead to low vigilance?

Yes

Hvað þýðir Autocratic cockpit?

The captain’s excessive authority considerably reduces communication and consequently the synergy and cohesion of the crew.

Cognitive resources of the brain are unlimited/limited?

limited

Hvað er þetta dæmi um: "An unexpetedly poor landing at an airfield with which the pilot is familiar in perfect weather conditions"

Human underload

The GAS (General Adaption System) is the organism's reaction to the change of the ___.

Environment. (This is most known as "stress").

The flight or fight system is governed by the..

ANS (Autonomic Nervous System).

Dæmi um physiological responses to stress eru..

Sweating, dry mouth and difficulty breathing.

Hvað er þetta? "A stimulus that produces a change in any of the homeostatic mechanisms of the body."

Physiological stressor

Hversu lengi gilda decisions made by a pilot in a cockpit?

Limited time period only

Coaction is a mode of coordination which recommends: working parallel to achieve _________.

one common objective.

Er autocratic leadership jákvætt eða neikvætt?

Neikvætt

Hver munurinn á status og role?

Status er eitthvað sem þú hefur fengið og breytist ekki í fluginu en roles geta breyst, þú getur tekið að þér the role of the leader þó þú sért ekki með þann official status.

High arousal leads to faster/slower and less/more accurate responses

High arousal leads to faster but less accurate responses.

An individual perception of stress depends on the ______ evaluation of the situation and one’s ability to cope with it.

subjective

A _______ is the non-specific response of the body to every demand placed on a person.

stress reaction

Í hverju er fólk betra í og svo tölvur? a) "Waiting for an infrequent phenomenon". b) Qualitative decision making.

Better done by automation: Waiting for infrequent phenomenon, monitoring certain values are not exceeded. Better done by people: Detection of unusual conditions, qualitative decision.

Hvað er "saccade" ?

Rapid eye movement. The average saccade and rest period takes about one third of a second.

the pilot experiencing an oculogyral illusion will see objects in front of him/her to be moving ______.

in the opposite direction.

the oculogravic illusion is the visually apparent movement of an object in front of the observer that is actually _____ relative to him/her.

in a fixed position. Dæmi um þetta er þegar þú acceleratar þá finnst þér þú vera að climba.

Does workload depend on pilot's expertise? How much % of crew resource can it take up in order to be considered acceptable?

Yes. Can take up 60% of the crew's workload.

How is performance affected by high and low arousal?

Degraded both with and low arousal.

How are you if you are on the extreme left of the inverted U curve?

Asleep

Low level of arousal can be dangerous, right or wrong?

True, you will be less alert.

Things stay in the short term memory for

20 seconds.

Information is stored in the semantic, episodic and ____ memories

procedural.

Available cognative resources of the human brain are limited and make it impossible to perform two attentional tasks at the same time. True or false?

True

Jens Rasmussen módelið "is associated with": a) perception b) personality c) behavior d) risk

c) behavior (Rule-based, knowledge-based dæmið).

Hvernig errorum lenda vanir flugmenn oftar í?

Skill based error. Þeir eru komnir með mikið skill og eru því etv of afslappaðir á meðan þeir óreyndu hugsa um hvert move.

"þegar þú ert vanur að fá lendingarheimild og býst við að þú fáir hana". Hvernig error er þetta?

Environmental capture. EAK: Heilinn er að ganga út frá því sem hann er vanur að gera.

Hvernig error er "selecting the wrong checklist" ?

Action slip

Þegar þú nærð að leysa úr vanda með reynslu og þekkingu þá kallast það _____ behavior

knowledge based behavior.

The sharing of resources causes performance on each task to be...

reduced

The needs of an individual lead to a change in the individuals ____ and consequently to an adaption of the behavior.

motivation

Ef þú ert t.d. að fljúga aðflug og allt er eins og það á að vera, routine, then it is ______ behavior

skill based behavior.

Hvað getur þú gert simultaneously without mutual interference? a) maintain manual straight and level flight and solve a problem b) talk and rehearse a frequency in working memory

a) maintain manual straight and level flight and solve a problem

Is information random when it is not intended for receivers?

Is information measured in bits?

Yes

What characterizes the function of a role? a) The characteristic behavior associated with the description of the various roles of a particular status b) The function and behavior associated with a particular role

b) The function and behavior associated with a particular role

Hvað er "risky shift"?

Þegar hópur tekur áhættusamari ákvörðun en einstaklingurinn myndi taka.

Hvað kallast eftirfarandi communication: "Communication about the communication" ?

Metacommunication

Should feedback state bluntly the personal failings of the receiver?

Yes

Main reason for disturbances in the correct reception of message is..

listening errors.

How effective communication is depends heavily on a) the receiver b) the sender

b) the sender

Eru variations in technical training and skills between different cultural backgrounds?

Ekki skv. AE.

Hvað kallast þetta: "The development of procedures makes pilots more effective and more reliable in their actions. "

Procedural efficiency

Shell concept: | The _____ is the hub of the shell model.

liveware

Shell concept: Notkun á checklist er liveware-_____

software

Shell concept: Interface mismatch is responsible for deficiencies in conceptual aspects of warning systems? Liveware-____

software. Væntanlega ef það er talað um "conceptual aspects", þá er það software.

Hvort þýðir "H" í Shell concept a) human eða b) Hardware ?

b) hardware

Do changes in linear accelerations change blood pressure and blood volume distribution in the body?

Yes

Linear accelerations (Gx): a) Have slight physiological consequences b) May in case of a pull out cause loss of consciousness c) cause sensory illusions on the pitch axis..

a) Have slight physiological consequences c) cause sensory illusions on the pitch axis.. Sýnist á svörum í AE að linear acceleration sé ekki að gera neitt alvarlegt s.s. loss of consciousness.

The ability of the human eye to read alphanumeric information: a) is limited to daytime using the rod cells b) is governed by peripheral vision over an area of approximately 20 degrees of angle c) is limited to the foveal area of the retina d) is almost equally shared by the entire retina

c) is limited to the foveal area of the retina

The central part of the retina, the fovea, is composed only of _____.

cone cells

Excessive exposure to noise can damage: a) the eardrum b) the ossicles c) the sensitive membrane in the cochlea d) the semicircular canals

c) the sensitive membrane in the cochlea

What is meant by the term 'complacency'? a) Unjustified self-confidence b) An agreement between captain and co-pilot due to Crew Resources Management c) To question possible solutions d) Physiological effects on pilots because of fear of flying

a) Unjustified self-confidence

The level at which a pilot will experience a situation as stressful a) depends on the level of demand but not on individual interpretation of the situational demands b) depends on the individual's perception of available abilities in comparison to the perceived demands c) depends on self-confidence alone d) does not depend on his capacity to absorb information

b) depends on the individual's perception of available abilities in comparison to the perceived demands

A person being exposed to extreme or prolonged stress factors can perceive: a) coping stress b) eustress c) distress d) stressors

c) distress

With regard to the average influence of age on pilot performance, it may be said that age: a) has little impact when the pilot is able to compensate for it by his/her flight experience b) has a major impact owing to the impairment of memory c) sharply reduces performance without, however, affecting cognitive capabilities d) increases in impact as speed of thought and memory deteriorate

a) has little impact when the pilot is able to compensate for it by his/her flight experience

Which is correct? 1. Paradoxic (REM) sleep refreshes the brain, memory and body. 2. Paradoxic (REM) sleep decreases during the night a) 1, 2 b) 2 c) neither d) 1

c) neither

Hvað er REM sleep að gera fyrir þig

REM sleep (paradoxic sleep) er að refresha brain, EKKI body.

How could you perceive an upslope runway and how would you land?

Fell you are high -> land short. "UPslope Uphigh"

Coriolis illusion: Spatial disorientation occurs on stimulating several semicircular canals _____.

simultaneously.

Hvað átt þú að gera ef þú lendir i vestibular illusion?

Avoid moving your head and trust the instruments.

Somatogravic (oculogravic) occurs when..

strong forward linear acceleration occurs.

Conflicts between visual system and vestibular system, can it cause an illusion of rotation?

Yes

simultaneous head movements during aircraft manoeuvres, getur valdið

Coriolis illusion

Hvað heitir þetta illusion: "When reduced visibility such as dust og haze, objects of equal size and distance may be perceived as being larger or smaller than in reality."

Top-down illusion

Going from climb to straight and level can give you a nose ___ feeling.

low

The glass cockpit aircraft has facilitated has facilitated ____ from the machine.

feedback

Your personality changes according to changing attitudes towards life and work. True or false?

False

Raising the perceptual threshold of a sensory organ means: a) a lesser sensitivity b) a greater sensitivity

a) a lesser sensitivity

Is it possible to manually maintain straight and level flight and solve a problem without mutual interference?

Yes

Typical retention time of the working memory is X to X items within X seconds WITHOUT rehearsing.

5-9 items, within 30 seconds.

Acute fatigue is felt after a period of significant exertion or emotional excitement, true or false?

True. Þú greinilega getur orðið skyndilega þreyttur eftir "emotional excitement".

High levels of motivation = high levels of a____

arousal

The ability of detecting relevant information which is not presented in an actively monitored input channel is known as ____.

attention.

A very low level of arousal can be dangerous, since you will be less alert during the flight. Right or wrong?

"Wrong". Medium level of arousal can be dangerous, since you have little spare mental capacity in this situation. Þetta er held ég samt rugl.

Can incorrect perception be persuasive?

Yes

Hvort er skárra fyrir líkamlegan styrk eða heilann að það sé stress?

Promotes an increase in physical strength more than promoting mental performance.

The relationship which exists between crew error and flight safety is dependent on the ____ and technical system and also on the operational context created by the system.

social

"Tendancy for a skill to be executed in an environment in which it is frequently exercised". Hvað er þetta kallað?

Environmental capture.

Hver er tilgangurinn með man machine system?

Reduce pilot workload og increase his time for supervision.

Does workload correspond to the amount of resources available?

Yes

Mode error is associated with a) automation b) hardware

a) automation

Hvaða áhrif hefur motivation á attention varðandi alertness og attention.

Hefur þú hefur motivation þá ertu meira alert og attentive.

Is our mental model of the world based on our past experiences? how about the sensory information we receive?

Both

Getur "fuel-saving policies" verið organizational factor which influences human error?

Já

Hvað heitir errorinn sem verður þegar "a pilot does not have proper information about the environment and/or the situation"?

Representation error

Hvað heitir errorinn: "interpreting the observed information in an incorrect way"?

Perception error

Hvað er gott að hafa mikið workload upp á human performance?

Standard of performance increases with increasing workload until an optimum level (then decreases).

To avoid wrong decisions by the pilot an aircraft system should at the minimum a) report the deviation b) report its malfunction Veit að þetta er skringilega orðað en svona stóð þetta.

b) report its malfunction Basicly láta vita að það sé bilun í stað þess að fara að reyna að leiðrétta fyrir henni.

Errors which occur during highly automated action smay result from a) the capture of a poor action subprogram og 2) a mistake in the decision making process.

bæði

High level of automation may result in _____ errors (slips)

routine erros

Hypovigilance: a) may occur at any moment of flight b) tends to occur at the end of a mission as a result of relaxation in the operators attention

a) may occur at any moment of flight

Cockpit automation is traditionally intended to: a) Relieve the pilots from certain routine tasks b) Reduce pilot workload during all parts of the flight

a) Relieve the pilots from certain routine tasks

The DECIDE model is based on: a ____ generic model, taking into account the method which seems most likely to come up with the solution.

prescriptive

Studies of human error rates during the performance of simple repetitive tasks have shown that errors can normally be expected to occur about 1/X of the time.

1/100

Ef farþegi fær hjaraáfall og flugstjóri ákveður að diverta til Amsterdam þá er það skv. Jens Rasmussen ____ behavior

knowledge based behavior

The use of professional languages offer: quick ____ and simplified grammar

comprehension

Ergonomics are associated with the ___/workplace interface

human

The use of glass-cockpit has facilitaged feedbrack from the ____ via more concise data for communication on the ____.

machine, flight deck.

Vigilance: A vigilant task is one that requires consistent monitoring without lapses in attention. Vigilance is simply defined as _____ attention.

sustained

Hvað er semantic memory?

It is the meaning of words and general knowledge of the world; it lasts for a longer period of time and tends to become more accurate than episodic memory.

Ef einn error getur haft áhrif á allt kerfið þá er talað um að kerfið sé ____.

vulnerable.

A pilot experiences difficulties in th econtrol of his aircraft and consequently omits to monitor the fuel level. This is caused by: a) a lack of attention due to distraction. b) hypovigilence c) Both a lack of attention and a lack of alertness

a) a lack of attention due to distraction.

If a pilot has to perform two tasks requiring the allocation of cognitive resource: the sharing of resources causes performance on each task to be ____.

reduced.

Illusions of interpretation (cognitive illusions) are: a) due mainly to a poor interpretation of instrumental data b) associated with the task of metnal construction of the environment

b) associated with the task of metnal construction of the environment

Active errors: Do they have rapid and direct consequences? Do they occur at the human/machine interface?

Yes, yes

What characterizes the notion of role? The function and ___ associated with a particular role.

behavior

CFIT þýðir

controlled flight into terrain

The planning and anticipation of future actions and situations make it possible to: a) create precise reference framework b) Avoid saturation of the cognitive system c) automate planned actions d) activate knowledge which is considered necessary for the period to come

a) create precise reference framework b) Avoid saturation of the cognitive system d) activate knowledge which is considered necessary for the period to come

Communication efficiency is most sensitive to workload and _____.

interruptions.

What human error rate is pretty good and realistic, after methodical training?

1 / 1000

Typical retention time of the working memory is X to X items within X seconds WITHOUT rehearsing.

5-9 items, within 30 seconds.

Hvernig er Maslow þarfapýramídinn

``` Efst (5): Self actualization 4: Ego 3: Need of love, affection and belongingness 2: Safety needs Neðst (1): Physiological needs ```

High levels of motivation = high levels og a____

arousal

A high degree of cockpit automation may alter the traditional tasks of the pilots in a way that the attention of the cockpit crew will become reduced with the consequence of being out of the ____.

loop.

The DECIDE model is based on a ____ general model, taking into account the method which seems most likely to come up with the solution.

prescriptive. Ekki séns á að muna þetta en set þetta hér svo þú teir séð þetta nokkrum sinnum og merkt svo blátt.

Ef vél fer á loft án þess að vera de-icuð og ferst svo, hvernig error væri um að ræða?

Social error. Held að það sé svo því þarna hafa menn ekki talað nógu vel saman.

þú ert með high automation, hvernig errora gætir þú verið að fá? a) capture of a poor action sub program b) mistake in the decision making process c) Application of a poor rule d) Action mode error

a) capture of a poor action sub program | d) Action mode error

Active error is produced by the _____ and can be rapidly detected.

operator

A "stressor" can be external/internal and is interpreted by the individual to be stressful.

Can be both external or internal

An error can be described as the ____ between the pilot's intentions and the result of his/her actions.

mismatch

A pre-determined opinion is the tendancy to see or hear what we ....

expect.

What are the key points of a good briefing? a. Individual, understood and simple b. Individual, clear and simple c. Individual, understood and short d. Simple, clear, understood and individual

c. Individual, understood and short

During the resistance phase of the GAS Syndrome ............... is released to assist the body to convert fats to sugar.

cortisol

Broadly speaking the GAS Syndrome consists of three categories of reactions. These are: a. somatic, psychosomatic, physiological b. physiological, psychosomatic, psychological c. somatic, physiological, psychological d. somatic, psychosomatic, psychological

d. somatic, psychosomatic, psychological

A comfortable temperature for most people in normal clothing is:

20°C

Hvað heitir kerfið sem inniheldur: sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

ANS (Autonomic Nervous System)

# Define three methods of coping with stress: a. action coping, forced coping, symptom directed coping b. action coping, cognitive coping, symptom directed coping c. slip coping, cognitive coping, symptom directed coping d. slip coping, action coping, symptom directed coping

b. action coping, cognitive coping, symptom directed coping

Which of the following statements, with regard to the five major guidelines to prevent stress in the cockpit from affecting safety, are correct: a. planned sleep patterns and use all crew resources b. planned sleep patterns and keep it simple c. use all crew resources and keep a good flight deck atmosphere d. never give up - there is always a suitable response

d. never give up - there is always a suitable response

A comfortable humidity for most people in normal clothing is:

40% - 60%

Rule-based behaviour involves: a. short-term and long-term memory b. short-term and iconic memory c. long-term and episodic-memory d. short-term, long term and episodic-memory

a. short-term and long-term memory

What is the Jens Rasmussen’s Model? a. “KRS” b. “SKR” c. “SRK” d. “KSR”

c. “SRK”

Among the most important factors which might interfere with situational awareness are: a. weather patterns b. interpersonal differences c. hopes, wishes and desires d. poor instrument layouts

c. hopes, wishes and desires

A tendency to ask leading questions is a symptom of: a. increased awareness b. decreased awareness c. increased situational awareness d. decreased situational awareness

d. decreased situational awareness

Action slip is an error of: a. skilled-based behaviour b. knowledge-based behaviour c. rule-based behaviour d. none of the above

a. skilled-based behaviour

d. frequency bias væntanlega er þetta ekki environmental capture því það er talað "call to mind", held að environmental capture sé eitthvað sem þú gerir í undirmeðvitundinni.

What is the duration of a saccade and rest period? a. 0.3 seconds b. 0.5 seconds c. 0.013 seconds d. 1 second

a. 0.3 seconds

Refraction, due to rain on the windscreen, makes the approach: a. steeper b. shallower c. faster d. slower

b. shallower

Blooming effect of rain makes the runway appear..

closer

Another name for the illusion associated with acceleration is: a. the somatogyral illusion b. the somatogravic illusion c. motion sickness d. air sickness

b. the somatogravic illusion

In the decision-making process, what should follow “review and feedback”? a. Assign tasks b. Decide c. Risk assessment d. Diagnose and define objective

d. Diagnose and define objective

What is the maximum number of “sleep credits” that can be accumulated and what is the minimum time to accumulate them?

16 credits, takes 8 hours. Færð 2 credit á klst.

How long is a sleep cycle?

90 min.

Hver er munurinn á orthodox (slow wave) sleep og REM

Held að ég fái þetta loksins rétt. REM er fyrir hausinn og orthodox fyrir skrokkinn.

How long does it take for the circadian rhythm to resynchronize to local time after crossing time zones? a. Approximately 2 days per 1 to 2 hours of time change b. Approximately 1 day per 1 to 2 hours of time change c. Approximately 2 days per 1 to 11⁄2 hours of time change d. Approximately 1 day per 1 to 11⁄2 hours of time change

d. Approximately 1 day per 1 to 11⁄2 hours of time change

The two forms of fatigue are: a. mental and physical b. short-term and chronic c. mental and body d. psychological and physiological

b. short-term and chronic

Insomnia is divided into: a. psychological and physiological b. mental and physical c. clinical and situational d. clinical and physiological

c. clinical and situational

If an average ability group make a decision, is it likely to be better or worse than one made by the individual members? a. Worse b. Tends to be either c. 75% of the time better d. Better

d. Better

A pilot flies to Moscow (2 hours ahead of home time) with a 4 day stop-over. After 3 days his/her circadian rhythm corresponds to: a. UTC. b. Central Europe Time. c. Local time. d. Home time.

c. Local time. tekur einn dag fyrir hvern 1.5 tíma í mun. Það er tveggja tíma munur svo þú værir búinn að jafna þig eftir ca einn og hálfan dag.

An “implicit” question: a. is another name for closed questions b. requires deductions to be made before an answer is possible c. does not require deductions to be made before an answer is possible d. requires a quick answer

b. requires deductions to be made before an answer is possible

Coordination is divided into the three following types: a. redundant actions, temporal and coaction b. redundant actions, general cooperation and coaction c. general cooperation, temporal and coaction d. cognitive coaction, general cooperation and temporal

b. redundant actions, general cooperation and coaction

Synchronization can be said to be divided into: a. temporal synchronization and rational synchronization b. cognitive synchronization, temporal synchronization, rational synchronization c. cognitive synchronization and temporal synchronization d. cognitive synchronization and rational synchronization

c. cognitive synchronization and temporal synchronization

One BIT of communication is the quantity of information which reduces the uncertainty of the Receiver by: a. 75% - 85% b. 65 - 75% c. 55 - 75% d. 50%

d. 50%

Hypertext: a. can alter according to the situation b. is fixed for all situations c. can alter according to the tone d. can alter as to the meaning implied

a. can alter according to the situation

The contents of a transmitter’s message will depend on: a. the receiver’s image of the transmitter b. the transmitter’s image of the receiver c. the transmitter’s image of the situation d. the transmitter’s image of the perceived situation

b. the transmitter’s image of the receiver

In communication which element shows that information has been received and understood? a. Decoding b. Feedback c. Synchronization d. Encoding

b. Feedback

A briefing should consist of less than: a. 7 ideas b. 10 ideas c. 7 sentences d. 10 sentences

b. 10 ideas

Among the rules to improve crew cooperation are: a. good briefings and awareness of cultural differences b. good briefings and a harmonious cockpit atmosphere c. use professional language d. resist putting your opinion forward first

c. use professional language

What are the five hazardous attitudes which play a leading role in the inability of an individual to cope with a potentially dangerous situation? a. Anti-authority, Overconfident, Invulnerable, Macho and Resigned b. Anti-authority, Impulsive, Invulnerable, Macho and Resigned c. Anti-authority, Impulsive, Invulnerable, Macho and Overconfident d. Overconfident, Impulsive, Invulnerable, Macho and Resigned

b. Anti-authority, Impulsive, Invulnerable, Macho and Resigned Það er greinilega ekki að trufla þig að fást við potentially dangerous situation að vera over confident.

Communication in the cockpit is primarily used for what purpose? a. It is the main tool to ensure coordination b. It is the main tool to ensure comprehension c. It is the main tool to ensure harmony d. It is the main tool to ensure understanding

a. It is the main tool to ensure coordination

What is meant by “coaction”? a. Individuals working in the different environments but sharing the same general objectives and working independently in carrying out their actions b. An action by the co-pilot c. The strict duplication of actions by various individuals d. Individuals working in the same environment and sharing the same general objectives but working independently in carrying out their actions

d. Individuals working in the same environment and sharing the same general objectives but working independently in carrying out their actions

What error rate can be expected of a pilot who has been given reasonable training? a. 1 in 10,000 b. 1 in 100 c. 1 in 1,000 d. 1 in 100,000

c. 1 in 1,000

What is a dialogue? a. A conversation between two people b. A series of communications on different subjects between a transmitter and receiver c. A series of communications on the same subject between a transmitter and receiver d. A communication between two or more people or machines

c. A series of communications on the same subject between a transmitter and receiver. Taktu eftir því að dialogue verður að vera "on the same topic". Ef þið farið að tala um eitthvað annað er þá komið nýtt dialogue?

What are the key points of a good briefing? a. Individual, understood and simple b. Individual, clear and simple c. Individual, understood and short d. Simple, clear, understood and individual

c. Individual, understood and short

A pilot is reading a checklist. In what way is this reference to the SHELL Concept ? a. S - L b. H - L c. L - S d. H - E

c. L - S

What is the most common checklist error? a. Action slip b. Too many capital letters are used c. Responded to automatically d. Missing items

c. Responded to automatically

What is the most important feature of flight deck design? a. Escape and emergency exits should be clear of obstructions b. The design eye point must be clearly marked c. Important controls must be located in easily reached and unobstructed positions d. Controls and indicators should be standardized

b. The design eye point must be clearly marked

What will the pilot lose sight of on the approach if seated below the Design Eye Point? a. Some of the undershoot b. Some of the overshoot c. Peripheral objects especially at night d. The sight view

a. Some of the undershoot

What instrument is best for showing small change? a. A digital display b. An analogue display c. A mixed digital/analogue display d. Ultra/high-precision gyro instrument

c. A mixed digital/analogue display

Which pitot/static instrument is most likely to be misread? a. The ASI at night illuminated by a red light b. The ASI at night illuminated by low intensity white light c. The three point altimeter d. The four point altimeter

c. The three point altimeter three point altimeter er með þremur örmum, sá stysti les 10,000ft í einu. Held að four point altimeter sé einfaldlega ekki til.

The three types of anthropometric measurements are: a. static, design, contour b. contour, design, dynamic c. static, dynamic, contour d. static, dynamic, design

c. static, dynamic, contour

System Tolerance can be subdivided into: a. protected and semi-protected systems b. protected and endangered systems c. protected and vulnerable systems d. protected and quasi-protected systems

c. protected and vulnerable systems

A flashing red warning light on a CRT normally indicates: a. there is a fault in a critical system b. emergency c. alert d. danger

b. emergency

Automation Complacency is: a. overconfidence in the handling capability of the pilot b. overconfidence in the handling capability of the pilot of computers c. overreliance on automation d. the blind belief in automation

c. overreliance on automation

Mode error is associated with: a. automation b. hardware c. INS d. software

a. automation

What are the categories of risk? a. Objective/Sudden and Subjective/Gradual b. Sudden/Impromptu and Gradual/Planned c. External/Objective and Internal/Subjective d. Impromptu/Objective and Planned/Subjective

c. External/Objective and Internal/Subjective

Co-action is a form of co-operation that involves: a. working in parallel towards a common goal b. working independently c. duplicating actions d. working in parallel towards separate goals

a. working in parallel towards a common goal

A person will tend to overestimate the frequency of: a. a common but negative occurrence b. a common but beneficial occurrence c. a rare but beneficial occurrence d. a rare but negative occurrence

c. a rare but beneficial occurrence

Negative events tend to be overestimated when: a. they are well published b. obvious c. under published d. the results are unclear

a. they are well published

Evaluation of options in the decision-making process involves: a. positive and negative considerations b. values and costs c. planned and impromptu considerations d. assigning tasks

b. values and costs

“Press-on-itis” is a: a. common dilemma faced by all pilots b. is only experienced by skilled pilots c. only happens to inexperienced pilots d. is rarely faced by good pilots

a. common dilemma faced by all pilots

In the decision-making process, what should follow “review and feedback”? a. Assign tasks b. Decide c. Risk assessment d. Diagnose and define objective

d. Diagnose and define objective

Lack of experience will have the following effect on the decision-making process: a. will speed it up (leaping in at the deep end) b. slow it down c. have no effect d. disrupt the process

b. slow it down

Anxiety affects: 1. Judgement. 2. Attention. 3. Memory. 4. Concentration.

all of these.

Tuned resonance of the body parts, distressing the individual can be caused by: a. Resonance between 1 - 100 Hz. b. Resonance between 150 - 250 Hz. c. Acceleration along the horizontal flight path. d. Resonance between 16 - 18 GHz.

a. Resonance between 1 - 100 Hz.

What is the order of symptoms that can be expected due to sustained positive G forces: a. Unconsciousness, grey-out, black-out and tunnel vision. b. Black-out, grey-out, tunnel vision and unconsciousness. Incorrect c. Unconsciousness, black-out, grey-out, and tunnel vision. d. Grey-out, tunnel vision, black-out and unconsciousness.

d. Grey-out, tunnel vision, black-out and unconsciousness. Þú átt að raða þessu eftir þeim einkennum sem koma fyrst held ég.

Which is correct: 1. Paradoxic sleep refreshes the brain, memory and body. 2. Paradoxic sleep decreases during the night.

Neither. Paradoxic sleep refreshes the BODY. (samt ekki muscle tone). Paradoxic sleep er greinilega ekki að minnka með nóttinni, ætli að hann sé ekki bara alltaf eins.

The characteristics of Paradoxic Sleep are: 1. Refreshes body and muscle tone. 2. REM. 3. Decreases during the night. 4. Brain activity similar to that of being awake.

2. REM. 4. Brain activity similar to that of being awake. Eins og þú sérð þá gerist REM innan Paradoxic sleep.

What would disrupt the biological clock? 1. A night flight from New York to Amsterdam. 2. A day flight from Amsterdam to New York. 3. A day flight from Amsterdam to Johannesburg. 4. A poor night's sleep.

1. A night flight from New York to Amsterdam. 2. A day flight from Amsterdam to New York. Night flight austur segir sig sjálft. Verður þá bara að muna að day flight í vestur er slæmt. Í þriðja lagi að poor night's sleep er ekki að disrupta biological clock!

A pilot flies to Moscow (2 hours ahead of home time) with a 4 day stop-over. After 3 days his/her circadian rhythm corresponds to: a. UTC. b. Central Europe Time. c. Local time. d. Home time.

c. Local time. tekur einn dag fyrir hvern 1.5 tíma í mun. Það er tveggja tíma munur svo þú værir búinn að jafna þig eftir ca einn og hálfan dag.

What is the maximum number of sleep "credits" for the normal person?

During the pre-flight brief the aircraft commander should: a. ensure all points are covered for the flight to avoid repetition in the cockpit? b. emphasise areas requiring good crew co-ordination c. emphasise that he/she is in charge d. delegate all duties to all crew members for the entire flight

b. emphasise areas requiring good crew co-ordination

What characterises a self-centered cockpit? a. A laid-back Captain assures a synergistic cockpit b. Crew members tends to do their own jobs independently without keeping others informed c. A non-synergistic cockpit in which the Captain tends to be authoritarian d. A synergistic cockpit

b) Crew members tends to do their own jobs independently without keeping others informed

Which of the following statements is correct? a. Behaviour is the outward result of personality and attitude b. Personality is easily changed c. Attitudes do not change in the long-term d. Attitude is the outward result of behaviour and personality

a. Behaviour is the outward result of personality and attitude

Which of the following elements of communication is most likely to lead to misunderstanding? a. coding and decoding a message b. the receiver’s mood c. the sender’s nationality d. expectation (what you expect to hear)

d. expectation (what you expect to hear)

What is not a useful element of good feedback? a. Feedback should specifically target each individual’s failings b. Feedback should enable response and discussion c. Feedback should be understood by all d. Feedback should be tailor to the individual

a. Feedback should specifically target each individual’s failings

In communication which element shows that information has been received and understood? a. Decoding b. Feedback c. Synchronization d. Encoding

b. Feedback

If you have an incorrect mental model, it is: 1. easy to change 2. easy to comprehend 3. easy to recognise 4. resistant to correction

4. resistant to correction

What human error rate is considered to be the norm for an employee carrying out a mundane, repetitive task? a. 1 in 10,000 b. 1 in 10 c. 1 in 1,000 d. 1 in 100

d. 1 in 100

Which of the following is correct? a. 70% of information processed by man enters the visual channel b. Hearing is the most important sense for man c. 40% of information processed by man enters the visual channel d. The Kinestatic channel is the most important channel in flying

a. 70% of information processed by man enters the visual channel

Motor programmes save resources and therefore attention. However, they may result in: a. routine errors b. mistakes c. errors in selecting the correct plan of action d. errors in decision-making

a. routine errors Routine errors er greinilega bara eitthvað sem þú ert svo vanur að gera, þetta er svo mikil rútína að þetta er bara orðið motor programme.

If the sensory threshold is increased: a. sensitivity is increased b. selectivity is decreased c. sensitivity is reduced d. selectivity is increased

c. sensitivity is reduced

What error rate can be expected of a pilot who has been given reasonable training? a. 1 in 10,000 b. 1 in 100 c. 1 in 1,000 d. 1 in 100,000

c. 1 in 1,000

Confirmation Bias of the decision-making process is: a. not to look for information which would reaffirm the correct decision b. to ignore information which indicates that a hypothesis or decision is poor c. to look for facts that confirm expectations before making a decision Incorrect d. not to seek information which confirms the decision

b. to ignore information which indicates that a hypothesis or decision is poor

Very high ambition and drive for success can lead to: a. improved performance Incorrect b. conflict in the cockpit c. improved cohesion and mutual consideration d. a “laisser faire” cockpit situation

b. conflict in the cockpit

Which of the following can be said to be true? a. Motivation can lead to trying to attain an unrealistic goal which will cause stress and which will lead to a reduction in performance b. Motivation is only intrinsic c. Motivation is only a psychological phenomenon Incorrect d. Motivation can substitute for a lack of knowledge

a. Motivation can lead to trying to attain an unrealistic goal which will cause stress and which will lead to a reduction in performance

When do we change from Rule Based Behaviour to Knowledge Based Behaviour? a. When rules do not apply Correct b. When we do not know the rules c. When we choose to do so d. When we become highly experienced

a. When rules do not apply Correct

Cognitive illusions are caused by: a. lack of external reference points Incorrect b. conflict between different senses c. poor interpretation of cockpit instruments d. an erroneous mental model resulting from a misinterpretation of sensory inputs

d. an erroneous mental model resulting from a misinterpretation of sensory inputs

What should you do if you become disorientated at night? a. look at the horizon b. rely on your instruments c. ignore your instruments d. descend

b. rely on your instruments

Stress Management strategies normally involve: a. the use of drugs b. only the prevention of stress c. the prevention and the removal of stress d. only the removal of stress

c. the prevention and the removal of stress

Stressors are: a. external factors only b. both external and internal factors c. internal factors only d. neither external nor internal factors

b. both external and internal factors

Psychosomatic refers to the inter-relationships of mind and body. True or false?

True

Psychosomatic problems can be cured by counselling. True or false?

False

Psychosomatic stress causes physiological symptoms to have psychological effects. True or false

False, the other way around.

A latent error: 1. will show itself in time 2. will not be foreseen by programmers 3. lies dormant 4. only becomes apparent under certain conditions 5. will easily be recognised by operators

Allt rétt nema 5.

What would be the priority aim in the design of the man/machine interface in combating the occurrence of Human Error? a. To generate clear warnings and alerts b. To eliminate latent errors Incorrect c. To minimise the consequences of the appearance or non-appearance of errors with respect to safety d. To systematically analyse the occurrences of errors to improve the future design of systems and ergonomics

d. To systematically analyse the occurrences of errors to improve the future design of systems and ergonomics

Between which elements of the SHELL model could a human error be induced when responding to a warning system? a. L – S b. L – L c. L – H d. E – L

c. L – H

Co-action is a form of co-operation that involves: a. working in parallel towards a common goal b. working independently c. duplicating actions d. working in parallel towards separate goals

a. working in parallel towards a common goal

A low level of arousal is often accompanied by low level of body ____.

temperature.

Attitude is : a. a synonym of behaviour b. how a person responds to another person, situation or organisation either positively or negatively c. a genetic predisposition to be biased either positively or negatively d. acting and thinking subjectively

b. how a person responds to another person, situation or organisation either positively or negatively

Which of the following elements of communication is most likely to lead to misunderstanding? a. coding and decoding a message b. the sender’s nationality c. the receiver’s mood d. expectation (what you expect to hear)

d. expectation (what you expect to hear)

What constitutes effective communications? a. Using commonly understood context, language and metacommunications b. Using different context which would be understood by the receiver c. Not considering cultural differences d. Speaking in a variety of mother tongues

a. Using commonly understood context, language and metacommunications

Environmental capture is: 1. obtaining environmental skills 2. performing a skill in an environment commonly flown in, even if it is incorrect to do so 3. the performance of a skill previously learnt in a different aircraft even if it is incorrect to do so 4. the way behaviour changes in different social situations

2 og 3 eru rétt.

Very high ambition and drive for success can lead to: a. conflict in the cockpit b. a “laisser faire” cockpit situation c. improved performance Incorrect d. improved cohesion and mutual consideration

a. conflict in the cockpit

Information for orientation is obtained through the: 1. eyes 2. utricles & saccules 3. semi-circular canals 4. seat-of-the-pants receptors

allt rétt

On an approach at night in rain and with approach lighting, it is not unusual for the runway to appear: a. normal b. more distant than it actually is c. curved d. closer than it actually is

d. closer than it actually is

What is a possible visual illusion when an aircraft is flying in fog, snow or haze? a. Objects appear to move faster than they actually do b. Objects appear to be closer than they actually are c. Objects appear to be larger than they actually are d. Objects appear to be further away than they actually are

d. Objects appear to be further away than they actually are

To cure autokinesis: a. shake the head and turn down the cockpit lights b. look for other references inside and outside the cockpit and use peripheral vision c. first focus on the light with the right eye and then the left d. look at the light out of the corner of your eye

b. look for other references inside and outside the cockpit and use peripheral vision

Flying by the “seat of one’s pants”: a. gives a feeling of coming up and out of your seat b. is not reliable and indicates true spatial orientation c. is not reliable and does not indicate true spatial orientation d. is reliable and indicates true spatial orientation

c. is not reliable and does not indicate true spatial orientation

A proficient pilot can be described as: a. one who is able to automate a large amount of the routine operations and, by so doing, frees up his/her cognitive resources b. one who is able to keep his/her arousal at a high level during a flight c. one who has been able to keep his/her arousal at a low level during a flight d. one who knows how to off-load all his/her resources to the automation of tasks

a. one who is able to automate a large amount of the routine operations and, by so doing, frees up his/her cognitive resources

What element of communication is most likely to lead to a misunderstanding?

Expectation

Varðandi long-term memory: Pre-activation of necessary knowledge will allow reduction in access time.. true/untrue ?

untrue

Motor programmes save resources and therefore attention. However, they may result in: a. mistakes b. errors in decision-making c. errors in selecting the correct plan of action d. routine errors

d. routine errors

What error rate can be expected of a pilot who has been given reasonable training?

1/1000

Once a mental model is constructed, there is a tendency to give: a. equal weight to information that contradicts and confirms the mental model b. undue weight to information that contradicts the model Incorrect c. frequent alterations to the mental model d. undue weight to information that confirms the model

d. undue weight to information that confirms the model

Confirmation Bias of the decision-making process is: a. to look for facts that confirm expectations before making a decision b. not to look for information which would reaffirm the correct decision c. to ignore information which indicates that a hypothesis or decision is poor d. not to seek information which confirms the decision

c. to ignore information which indicates that a hypothesis or decision is poor

Stress management involves stress removal and/or prevention?

both

"unjustified self-confidence resulting in careless negligence". Þetta er dæmi um c____.

Complacency.