The Archaic Period (c. 750-500 BC)

Question 1

Naukratis

Answer 1

greek trading post in Egypt (c. 650 BC)

Question 2

Phoenicians

Answer 2

dominated the seaborne trade in the mediterranean

Question 3

demographic and economic changes

Answer 3

(gradual) population growth, changes in farming practices, decline in stock keeping, development of cities

Question 4

the polis (poleis)

Answer 4

independent self-governing city states

Question 5

the politai

Answer 5

citizens of poleis

Question 6

the agora

Answer 6

the chief sanctuary and meeting place, marketplace

Question 7

akropolis

Answer 7

fortified hill

Question 8

oikos

Answer 8

household comprising of parents, children, grandchildren, sometimes also dependent farmers and slaves

Question 9

‘freedom and autonomy’

Answer 9

principal concern of all poleis

Question 10

common aspect in the greek world

Answer 10

language, same pantheon of Gods, communal traditions

Question 11

the second greek migration (colonization)

Answer 11

8th-6th century BC, main colonizers from Asia Minor

Question 12

emporion

Answer 12

a greek settlement for commercial reasons (Al Mina, Naukratis, Pithecusae)

Question 13

Magna Graecia

Answer 13

Greater Greece; Southern Italy and Sicily

Question 14

monarchy

Answer 14

sole rule (usually hereditary)

Question 15

tyranny

Answer 15

the rule of a tyrant (ruler who has assumed control without the right to do so)

Question 16

aristocracy

Answer 16

rule of the best (nobles, birth a criterion for power)

Question 17

timocracy

Answer 17

property criteria are the qualifications for access to offcies

Question 18

democracy

Answer 18

rule of the demos ((male) people) where popular assembly had the decisive power)

Question 19

apoikia

Answer 19

greek colony which was controlled by the independent polis there

Question 20

nouveaux riches

Answer 20

people who managed to make fortune one way or another emerged due to the new changes

Question 21

military composition

Answer 21

nobles, nouveaux riches and also middling farmers

Question 22

phalanx

Answer 22

sophisticated battle formation which required the ranks to stay close together; emerged at the end of the 6th century BC

Question 23

hoplites

Answer 23

soldiers (after the greek hoplon, which meant heavy armour)

Question 24

alphabet

Answer 24

borrowed from the Phoenicians, introduced for business purposes

Question 25

homer

Answer 25

author of Iliad and Odyssey

Question 26

Hesiod

Answer 26

author of Works and Days and Theogony

Question 27

Orientalizing style

Answer 27

started in the 9th century, yellow predominant color, zigzags and swastikas, mythical creatures and plants

Question 28

black-figure style

Answer 28

started in the 6th century, figures as black silhouettes

Question 29

colums

Answer 29

Ionic, Doric, Corinthian styles

Question 30

orphism

Answer 30

religious movement which taught that body and soul were separate entities

Question 31

Pythagoras

Answer 31

philosopher (c. 570-490 BC), believed mathematics to be of utmost importance to the understanding of the universe

Question 32

Plato

Answer 32

Athenian philosopher (c. 429-347 BC)

Question 33

cult of Demeter

Answer 33

located at Elusis, celebrated the release of Persephone from Hades (sprouting of the new corn from the old)

Question 34

cult of Adonis

Answer 34

symbolized the death of nature dying in the dry season

Question 35

Zeus

Answer 35

main god, god of thunder, patron god og law and justice

Question 36

Heracles

Answer 36

offspring of Zeus and a mortal

Question 37

natural philosophy and physical science

Answer 37

arose in the 7th century BC in Ionia and in the Greek colonies in the west

Question 38

Xenophanes of Colophon

Answer 38

philosopher, arrived at a more or less monotheistic logically reasoned theology

Question 39

Anaxagoras of Clazomenae and Democritus of Abdera

Answer 39

philosopher (5th century BC), believed that everything consisted of ‘atoms’, approached the mechanical, materialistic conception of the universe

Question 40

sparta

Answer 40

hoplite state (6th century BC), maintained (hereditary) kingship (two kings)

Question 41

lawgiver Lycurgus

Answer 41

Sparta’s 7th century reforms are in bulk attributed to him

Question 42

gerousia

Answer 42

council of elders in Sparta (at least 60 in age, chosen for life, thirty members including the kings)

Question 43

ephors

Answer 43

additional magistracy who were in control of the day-to-day administration; chosen annually

Question 44

Tyrtaeus and Alcman

Answer 44

Spartan poets

Question 45

Athens

Answer 45

next to Sparta a very important city state and political power, occasionally under tyrant rule, but mostly a democracy

Question 46

The council of 500

Answer 46

comprised of 50 men from each Athenian tribe who were chosen by a lot and appointed for one year. responsible for day-to-day administration

Question 47

public assembly in Athens

Answer 47

consisted of all the male citizens of the polis of Athens, they had the right of amendment, the right to accept strongly deviating proposals and to reject a proposal altogether

Question 48

strategos

Answer 48

generals

Question 49

ostracism

Answer 49

banning a person for 10 years by vote