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Ecology > The Aquatic environment > Flashcards

The Aquatic environment Flashcards

1
Q

Water is divided into two major rooms based on the quantity of salts: freshwater and saltwater. These are further divided into a variety of systems based on water _____ and ____?

A

Flow and depth

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2
Q

The ___ ____ links all global water sources together.

A

Water cycle

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3
Q

Water cycle

A

The continual process by which water travels from the air to the earth surface and back again

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4
Q

What is the driving force of the water cycle?

A

Solar radiation

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5
Q

Precipitation

A

The return of water from the atmosphere to the surface

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6
Q

Interception

A

The process of water not reaching the soil

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7
Q

Infiltration

A

Water that reaches the soil surface

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8
Q

What does infiltration rate depend on?

A

Soil, vegetation, slope, precipitation intensity, etc.

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9
Q

Surface runoff

A

Occurs when soil’s or saturated and water flows across the soil surface

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10
Q

Some water that saturates the soil seats down until it hits in pervious clear and his collected as what?

A

Groundwater

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11
Q

Where does surface water evaporate into?

A

Atmosphere

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12
Q

What causes additional water loss?

A

Plants

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13
Q

Transpiration

A

The process of evaporation from plants

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14
Q

Evapotranspiration

A

The total water evaporation from the ground and plants combined

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15
Q

What percentage does the evapotranspiration account for of the water cycle?

A

15%

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16
Q

What factors impact plant transpiration?

A

Temperature, relative humidity, air movement, soil moisture, and type of plant

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17
Q

Because of waters polarity water has a high what?

A

Specific heat capacity

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18
Q

What is the only molecule on our planet that exist naturally and all three phases?

A

Water

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19
Q

Specific heat capacity

A

The amount of energy needed to raise 1 g of water by 1°C

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20
Q

Cohesion

A

The tendency of a substance to stick to itself, resisting external forces

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21
Q

At the surface, water molecules only interact with the other molecules below, pulling them taught like a balloon. This creates what?

A

Surface tension

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22
Q

What is also responsible for the viscosity of water?

A

Cohesion

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23
Q

Viscosity

A

The force necessary to separate molecules and allow an object to pass through

24
Q

Because of the high density of water, many objects are subject to what?

A

Buoyancy(upward forces)

25
Q

The density of water also profoundly changes the effect of what?

A

Pressure

And water, pressure increases by one atmosphere every 10 m

26
Q

Lake stratification

A

Separation of lakes into three layers

27
Q

Epilimnion

A

Top of the lake

28
Q

Metalimnion

A

The middle layer (thermocline)

29
Q

Hypolimnion

A

Bottom layer

30
Q

What determines the character and structure of streams?

A

Water velocity

31
Q

What is water velocity affected by?

A

Channel shape, Depth, and roughness of bottom

32
Q

Water movement shapes both ____ and ______ environments

A

Freshwater and marine

33
Q

Oxbow lake

A

A I-shaped body of water formed from a river cut-off

34
Q

What are tides driven by

A

Relationship between the earth and the moon

35
Q

Intertidal zone

A

The area between the water lines of low and high tide

36
Q

Estuary

A

The region where fresh and saltwater meet

37
Q

In estuaries is environmental variability high or low?

A 
High
Seasonal and daily variations
-temperature 
-water level
-water flow
-salinity
38
Q

Why can exclusively aquatic animals not survive on land?

A 
Crushing weight (gravity) and overheating
Usually use minimal energy in water
39
Q

What is the difference between aquatic organisms and terrestrial organisms when it comes to water use?

A

Aquatic organisms are inundated with water, typically have to filter out salutes or excess water

Terrestrial organisms must retain water to prevent desiccation, efficient use of water and waterproofing

40
Q

Water balance

A

Regulated balance of water between an organism and environment

41
Q

What do trust your plans have that can hormonally control water loss?

A

Stoma

42
Q

What is the foundation that determines all terrestrial life?

A

Soil

43
Q

How does soil formation begin?

A

Rock weathering/mechanical weathering

44
Q

Mechanical weathering

A

Mechanical destruction of rock into smaller materials
Rain, wind, and temperature combine to flake and peel surface rock
Growing roots penetrate and split rock

45
Q

What are the five independent factors of soil formation

A
  • parent material
  • climate
  • biotic factors
  • topography
  • time
46
Q

What are the distinguishing physical characteristics of soil

A
  • physical properties: color, texture, structure, moisture, and depth
  • color: easily identifiable but has little impact on function
  • texture: proportion of different particle sizes
47
Q

Based on proportions size of sand, salt, and Clay, which is the most significant particle because it controls water retention?

A

Clay(holds a lot of water)

48
Q

Soils are layered into:

A

horizons

49
Q

All soils are ultimately created from bedrock. Overtime, separate layers form, creating a

A

soil profile

50
Q

What are the layers of the soil horizons

A

O: organic layer
A: topsoil (mineral soil)
B: subsoil (collects minerals and clays leached from the top soil)
C: substratum (unconsolitated material)

51
Q

If there is more water than pore space, we call the soil

A

saturated

52
Q

Amount of water held in place by internal capillary forces is called the

A

wilting point

53
Q

When soils lose water to the point where plants can no longer extract water, we call this the wilting point. This is a plant’s

A

minimum to sustain life

54
Q

The difference between wilting point and field capacity is the

A

available water capacity

55
Q

Ion exchange capacity is important to soil

A

fertility

56
Q

The ability of ions to bind to soil particles depends on the number of cation and anion charged sites within the soil. The total number of charged sites on soil particles within a volume is called the

A

ion exchange capacity

Ecology (11 decks)

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