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Ecology > CH. 7 Animal Adaptations > Flashcards

CH. 7 Animal Adaptations Flashcards

1
Q

_____ imposes a fundamental constraint on the evolution of animals.

A

size

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2
Q

All animals have two fundamental limitations:

A
  1. operating within gravitational limitations

2. getting enough fuel (oxygen) for their size

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3
Q

All aerobic animals must maintain ____ concentrations in their tissues high enough to fuel their metabolism. If this cannot be accomplished, death is inevitable.

A

oxygen

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4
Q

Surface area to volume

A

volume increases faster than surface area

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5
Q

Respiratory organs are measured with a _____ function.

A

squared

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6
Q

Larger animals have disproportionately _____ respiration abilities.

A

smaller

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7
Q

Metabolism SHOULD scale with body mass^___

A

2/3

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8
Q

Metabolism is utlimately powered by

A

respiratory organs (length^2)

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9
Q

Kleibers Law states that

A

metabolism scales with body mass^3/4

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10
Q

Metabolic scaling

A

the scaling of metabolic rate may have more to do with the interaction of shape and size than just size alone.

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11
Q

Fractal pattern

A

an object that maintains similar patterns at increasingly small scales.

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12
Q

The scaling of metabolism is not easily predicted but is likely a function of

A

size and shape

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13
Q

LSD and the Elephant

A
  • Can LSD induce “musth?”
  • gave LSD to Tusko the elephant
  • after 5 mins, the elephant trumpeted, fell over, defecated, and died
  • dose was DRASTICALLY miscalculated
  • was 1000x too high
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14
Q

What was the problem with the LSD and the elephant experiment?

A

the dose was 1,000x too high; the scaling of metabolism with size was not considered prior to dosage calculation

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15
Q

The newest predictions of how metabolism scales with body size includes a

A

curvilinear fit

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16
Q

If the curvilinear fit is true, metabolic scaling may directly determine:

A

maximum animal size

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17
Q

If an animal has a metabolism any more than where the slope >1 it means they are using _____ energy just to be that large.

A

excess

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18
Q

Changes in size are produced throughout

A

development

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19
Q

embryogenesis

A

differentiation before hatching/birth

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20
Q

growth

A

increase in size

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21
Q

development

A

transformation of structure

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22
Q

Ontogeny

A

the growth and development of an organism (throughout an organism’s entire life cycle)

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23
Q

Scaling

A

the changes in size and shape across ontogeny

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24
Q

______ is the origination and development of an organism

A

ontogeny

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25
Q

Isometric scaling

A

when one variable (body measurement) increases in equal proportions with another measure of body size

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26
Q

Allometry

A

when one body measure does not increase at the same rate as another measure of body size

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27
Q

When a feature scales differently than a 1:1 ratio, we call it

A

allometric

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28
Q

Morphogenesis

A

the unfolding of form and structure

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29
Q

Heterochrony

A

change in the timing of development and growth of traits

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30
Q

Paedomorphism

A

the retention of juvenile traits by adults

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31
Q

Two major outcomes of heterochrony:

A
  • paedomorphism

- paramorphosis

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32
Q

Paedomorphism results from

A
  • derived trait has reduced growth rate compared to ancestral trait
  • development ends earlier in derived trait compared to the ancestral trait
  • development starts later in derived trait compared to the ancestral trait
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33
Q

Paramorphosis

A

the development of entirely new shapes, beyond typical adult form

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34
Q

Some species can be _____ or _____.

A

paedomorphic; metamorphose

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35
Q

Facultative paedomorphs

A

being able to retain larval morphology while being sexually mature

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36
Q

Obligate paedomorphs

A

don’t have the ability to get rid of their juvenile traits

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37
Q

Timing of metamorphosis is affected by

A

physiological and environmental factors

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38
Q

Physiological and environmental factors that affect timing of metamorphis include:

A
  • pond or stream drying
  • population density
  • food availability
  • predator abundance
  • increasing temperature
  • hormones
  • tissues sensitivity to hormones
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39
Q

When an animal is confronted with an environmental shift it has two options:

A

-conform or regulate

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40
Q

conformers

A

unable to maintain consistent internal conditions

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41
Q

regulators

A

use a variety of biochemical, physiological, morphological, and behavioral mechanisms to regulate their internal environment

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42
Q

Conformers have internal body solute concentrations based on the ____ _____ that they reside in.

A

environmental conditions

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43
Q

For conformers to be successful:

A

internal processes must be capable of functioning across a wide array of environmental conditions; if systems cannot function at a particular level, the animal may shut down activity until conditions become suitable

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44
Q

In contrast to conformers, regulators often spend ____ _____ to maintain a narrow range of internal conditions.

A

considerable energy

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45
Q

Critical minimum temperature

A

a minimum temperature for a given species in which unorganized locomotion is observed, suggesting imminent death

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46
Q

CTmax

A

a maximum temperature for a given species in which unorganized locomotion is observed, suggesting imminent death

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47
Q

Thermal tolerance range

A

the range of temperatures in which an animal typically operates

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48
Q

Topt

A

the body temperature that produces maximum performance

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49
Q

In all muscles: rate of force generation is ______ related to muscle temperature

A

directly

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50
Q

Homeostasis

A

our body maintains a constant internal environment even when in varying environmental conditions

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51
Q

Homeostasis is controlled by _____ _____ mechanisms.

A

negative feedback

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52
Q

Negative feedback

A

occurs when a specific condition changes beyond the normal range and changes are initiated in order to return the system to the normal range

53
Q

Set point

A

mean body temperature under ideal conditions

54
Q

Three components for a set point to function

A
  • receptor
  • integrator
  • effector
55
Q

receptor

A

measures the internal environment, transfers information to the integrator

56
Q

integrator

A

receives information and compares it to the set point

57
Q

effector

A

causes a change in the internal environment

58
Q

Temperature

A

single most important factor limiting the distribution of ectothermic animals

59
Q

Temperature profoundly affects animal

A

structure and function

60
Q

It is important to regulate

A

body temperature

61
Q

Rates of water loss (increase/decrease) with temperature

A

increase

62
Q

cellular environment

A

viscosity of cytoplasm, permeability of membranes, muscle contraction speed, etc.

63
Q

biochemical reaction rates

A

gas exchange, metabolism, digestion, etc.

64
Q

Whole-animal function

A

growth, alertness, speed, escape

65
Q

Activity temperature range

A

normal range of temperatures in which activity occurs

66
Q

mean activity temperature

A

the mean of all temperatures of active animals

67
Q

Preferred temperature

A

the temperature selected by individuals in a thermal gradient when all external influences have been removed

68
Q

operative temperature

A

equilibrium temperature for an animal in a particular environment

69
Q

voluntary minimum

A

the lowest temperature tolerated voluntarily in the lab

70
Q

voluntary maximum

A

the highest temperature tolerated voluntarily in the lab

71
Q

critical thermal minimum

A

the low temperature that produces cold narcosis thus preventing locomotion and escape

72
Q

critical thermal maximum

A

the high temperature at which locomotion becomes uncoordinated and the animal loses its ability to escape conditions that will lead to its death

73
Q

Poikilothermy

A

wide variation in Tb in response to environmental temperature

74
Q

Homeothermy

A

constant Tb even with greater environmental temperature fluctuations

75
Q

Ectothermy

A

condition in which the external environment is the source of heat

76
Q

Endothermy

A

condition in which heat is produced metabolically (internal)

77
Q

Heliothermy

A

gaining heat by basking in sun

78
Q

thigmothermy

A

gaining heat by conduction (ex. lying on warm rock not exposed to sun)

79
Q

Acclimation

A

functional compensation to experimentally induced environmental change

80
Q

Thermoregulation

A

maintenance of a relatively constant Tb even though environmental temperatures vary; heat exchange with the environment

81
Q

Thermal conformity

A

Tb varies directly with environmental temperature; there is no attempt to thermoregulate

82
Q

Poikilotherms

A

animals that exhibit a wide range of body temperatures

83
Q

homeotherms

A

body temperature is constant or nearly constant

84
Q

Ectothermy

A

the process of maintaining body temperatures through external sources

85
Q

Endothermy

A

the process of maintaining body temperatures through internal sources

86
Q

Most ectotherms control body temperature over _____ ____

A

narrow ranges

87
Q

Behavioral thermoregulation is im portant for

A

ectotherms

88
Q

Physiological control of body temperature

A
  • muscular shivering

- cardiovascular control

89
Q

Aestivation

A

occurs in some species in dry seasons

90
Q

Hibernation

A

occurs in cold seasons; usually due to cold temps more than food limitations

91
Q

_______ take on characteristics of ectotherms and endotherms

A

heterotherms

92
Q

Example of heterotherms

A

butterflies: butterfly wings are used for fflight, but the large size is due to their use as thermoregulatory panels

93
Q

Torpor

A

dropping of body temperature to ambient temperature to ambient temperature levels

94
Q

Hibernation

A

long-term, seasonal torpor

95
Q

Some animals use ______ means for thermal balance

A

physiological

ex. camels are weird

96
Q

Freeze resistance=

A

supercooling

97
Q

supercooling

A

animals don’t freeze event when Tb is at freezing temperature; ice crystals are prevented from forming in cells

98
Q

Freeze tolerance

A

ability to survive freezing; animals freeze and thaw without ill effect

99
Q

_______ prevent ice crystals form forming inside the cell.

A

ccryoprotectants

100
Q

Poikilotherms regulate their body temperature primarily through

A

behavioral mechanisms

101
Q

Bergmann’s rule

A

tendency for an increasing body size with increasing latitude (decreasing environmental temperature)

102
Q

What groups follow the inverse of bergmann’s rule?

A

snakes and lizards

103
Q

Energy Balance Equation describes

A

all the ways that an animal may gain thermal energy

104
Q

The energy balance equation: Heat energy gained=

A

Qabs + M +/- R +/- C +/- LE +/- G

105
Q

Qabs

A

solar radiation

106
Q

Qabs=?

A

S x A x Vf(s) x a

107
Q

S=

A

intensity of solar radiation

108
Q

A=

A

surface area of animal

109
Q

Vf(s)=

A

view factor=proportion of surface receiving radiation

110
Q

a=

A

absorptivity to solar radiation

111
Q

M=?

A

metabolic heat

112
Q

R=?

A

radiative heat exchange

113
Q

C=?

A

convective heat exchange (occurs between animal and fluid (air/water) around it

114
Q

LE

A

evaporative cooling

115
Q

G=?

A

conduction

116
Q

Both ____ and ____ factors affect thermal balance and thermoregulation

A

physiological and biotic

117
Q

Thermoneutral zone

A

range of environmental temperatures within which metabolic rates are minimal

118
Q

Endothermy and Ectothermy involve

A

trade-offs

119
Q

Endothermy advantage

A

can remain a given body temperature regardless of environmental temperature

120
Q

endothermy disadvantage

A

require much higher energy input just to minimally survive

121
Q

Ectothermy advantage

A

can sustain life with minimal energy needs

122
Q

Ectothermy disadvantage

A

body temperature is dependent upon available heat sources outside the animal’s control

123
Q

Heterotherm

A

a species that can function both as a homeotherm and poikilotherm depending on environment and need

124
Q

gills

A

fan-like organs with high surface area to volume; where gas exchange occurs

125
Q

amphibians do not have ____ or a ____

A

ribs; diaphragm

126
Q

Without a diaphragm, _____ and ______ must be used to ventilate the lungs in reptiles.

A

ribs; muscles

127
Q

Animals maintain a balance between water uptake and _____

A

loss

128
Q

water balance

A

the loss of water for life processes coupled with the need for constant water uptake

129
Q

Animals that inhabit arid regions avoid water loss by:

A

reducing their activity

Ecology (11 decks)

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