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Ecology > Ch. 10 Life History > Flashcards

Ch. 10 Life History Flashcards

1
Q

Life histories involve _______

A

tradeoffs

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2
Q

Reproduction can be _____ or ______

A

sexual; asexual

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3
Q

Major advantage of sexual reproduction

A
  • immediate gene mixing between two individuals

- duplicate copies of genes available

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4
Q

Major disadvantage of sexual reproduction?

A

immediate loss of beneficial gene combinations

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5
Q

Asexual reproduction advantages

A
  • rapid reproduction
  • no required minimum population size
  • inbreeding is not an issue
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6
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

natural form of asexual reproduction in which growth and development of an embryo occurs without fertilization

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7
Q

Facultative parthenogenesis

A

a sexually reproducing species that can also reproduce asexually

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8
Q

Simultaneous hermaphrodites

A

both sexes at one time; possess both male and female sex organs

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9
Q

sequential hermaphrodites

A

male or female depending on the life cycle stage

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10
Q

protandrous

A

all born male

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11
Q

Genetic sex-determination

A
  • XX/XY
  • XX/X0
  • X0/X0
  • ZW/ZZ
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12
Q

Most mammals (including humans) and many insects use which sex chromosomes?

A

XX/XY

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13
Q

In the XX/XY system, which sex is more prone to sex-linked disorders?

A

males; they’re heterogametic (XY)

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14
Q

In the XX/X0, which one is female?

A

XX

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15
Q

XX/X0 is found in

A

several rodent lineages and many insects

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16
Q

ZW/ZZ is found in

A

birds, some reptiles, and insects

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17
Q

in the ZW/ZZ system, females are

A

ZW; and more prone to linked diseases

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18
Q

Bipotential

A

develop into testes or ovaries

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19
Q

Genetic sex determination

A

one sex has a different chromosome

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20
Q

temperature dependent sex determination

A

nest temperature determines offspring of sex

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21
Q

temperature dependent sex determination is occurs in

A
  • most turtles
  • most/all crocodilians
  • many lepidosaurs
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22
Q

Three patterns of TSD

A
  • males from cooler nests (1a)
  • females from cooler nests (1b)
  • females from coolest and warmest nests, males from intermediate nest temps
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23
Q

primary sexual differentiation

A

gonads become ovaries unless gene product from Y chromosome

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24
Q

secondary sexual differentiation

A

follows primary sexual differentiation; copulatory organs, display structures

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25
Q

Hypothesized mechanism of TSD

A

testosterone in egg (from mother) affected by temperature-dependent enzyme called aromatase

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26
Q

In temps that produce females, aromatase:

A

converts testosterone to estradiol; makes gonads become ovaries; produces more estrogens, creates a positive feedback

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27
Q

In temps that produce males aromatase:

A

converts testosterone into dihydrotestosterone; makes gonads become testes

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28
Q

Some consequences of TSD

A
  • affects sex ratio at hatching

- may affect some species ranges due to climate change

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29
Q

Reproduction involves both costs and benefits. The overarching, evolutionary dilemma is:

A

how to reproduce with the maximum possible fitness

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30
Q

Common problems of trying to reproduce with the maximum possible fitness

A
  • early reproduction typically results in a reduced lifespan
  • early reproduction typically results in reduced future offspring potential
  • producing too many offspring results in lower average competitive ability of each individual
  • producing few offspring results in too few individuals
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31
Q

Age at maturity is a key aspect of an organism’s

A

life history

32
Q

Age at maturity is often seen as:

A

age at first reproduction

33
Q

Reproductive effort is governed by

A

tradeoffs

34
Q

fecundity

A

the number of offspring produced per unit time

35
Q

reproductive effort

A

the total energetic costs of reproduction per unit time

36
Q

Tradeoffs that govern reproductive effort

A
  • energy demands
  • nutrient demands
  • physiological demands
  • movement
  • competition for mates
  • parental care
37
Q

An optimized life history is one where conflicts between demands for survival and reproduction are resolved to be the most advantageous for the

A

individual’s fitness

38
Q

each set of offspring is seen as an

A

economic choice

39
Q

offspring as an economic choice

A
  • all are created equal

- no wasting of resources

40
Q

Parent-offspring conflict

A

offspring will always want more resources for themselves compared to what the parents are willing to offer

41
Q

Robert Trivers’ theory

A
  • each offspring should demand more than its fair share from the parent’s point of view
  • offspring are demanding more, at the expense of their siblings and the parent’s future offspring
42
Q

parents want to maximize their benefit

A

per unit effort

43
Q

offspring want the parents to maximize their benefit (to offspring)

A

per unit effort; this is why offspring will ALWAYS beg for food more than what the parents ever give

44
Q

There is a trade-off between the ____ and _____ of offspring produced

A

number; size

45
Q

altricial

A

offspring are born/hatched helpless and are cared for

46
Q

precocial

A

offspring are born/hatched capable of moving and foraging

47
Q

When organisms spend less time and energy on gestation, this results in _____ offspring

A

altricial

48
Q

When organisms spend more time and energy on gestation, offspring are ______

A

precocial

49
Q

Species differ in the ______ of reproduction

A

timing

50
Q

Iteroparous

A

organisms that produce offspring more than once over their lifetime

51
Q

Semelparous

A

invest all energy to growth, development, and acquiring energy early in life

52
Q

_______ systems describe the pairing of males and females

A

mating

53
Q

mating system

A

the pattern of mating between the males and females of the system; highly variable

54
Q

Monogamy

A

the formation of a lasting pair bond between one male and female

55
Q

Social monogamy

A

role in parenting a particular set of offspring

56
Q

genetic monogamy

A

an iteroparous species that mates with only one individual after sexual maturity

57
Q

promiscuity

A

no mating in long-term pairs, no pair bonds, many mates

58
Q

Polygamy

A

pair bonds with one sex and multiple individuals of the opposite sex

59
Q

polyandry

A

least common; one female, keeping multiple male partners

60
Q

polygyny

A

one male, keeping multiple female partners; most common

61
Q

Two situations in which polyandry would benefit a male?

A
  • scarcity of food

- intense competition for territories/resources

62
Q

acquisition of a mate involves

A

sexual selection

63
Q

sexual selection is ultimately driven by conflict meaning:

A
  • females produce large gametes (high energy and time, limited number)
  • male sperm is cheap and always available
64
Q

anisogamy

A

sexual reproduction by the fusion of dissimilar gametes

65
Q

Intersexual selection

A

reproductive selection based on male dominance/territoriality

66
Q

Infanticide

A

new male lion coalitions will kill preexisting cubs left in the pride to increase their fitness

67
Q

Intrasexual selection

A

reproductive selection of one sex from the other

68
Q

Why are females selecting males with different traits?

A
  • good gene hypothesis
  • handicap hypothesis
  • sexy son hypothesis
69
Q

good gene hypothesis

A

females are selecting mates based on external signals that correlate with the genes they are carrying

70
Q

handicap hypothesis

A

females select males that are able to live with an obvious handicap

71
Q

sexy son hypothesis

A

females choose a mate whose genes will produce male offspring with best chance of reproduction

72
Q

Patterns of life-history characters reflect

A

external selective forces

73
Q

Fast-slow continuum hypothesis

A
  • some animals are burst producers that die young

- others take decades to mature and have a few offspring

74
Q

r-strategists

A

typically small, short lived organisms

  • rapid development
  • little/no parental care
  • high reproductive rates at low population sizes
  • high mortality
75
Q

k-strategists

A

typically large, long lived organisms

  • competitive species
  • slow development
  • parental care
  • low reproductive rates

Ecology (11 decks)

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