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Ecology > Ch. 5 Adaptations and Natural Selection > Flashcards

Ch. 5 Adaptations and Natural Selection Flashcards

1
Q

The structure of an organism ultimately affects ______ (and therefore fitness)

A

survival

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2
Q

When relating to structure and function, a change in one results in

A

change in other

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3
Q

Prior to the mid 19th century, the apparent match between organism and environment was seen as the work of

A

a creator

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4
Q

Natural history was thought of as cataloging the creations of a divine architect. This was reflected in the _____ ______

A

Scala Naturae

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5
Q

Scala Naturae

A
  • the great chain of being
  • a concept derived from Aristotle’s proposed tree of life
  • life had a hierarchical order with lesser organisms at the bottom and man sitting atop the list
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6
Q

Who brought the most widely accepted view of the natural world into question with one basic idea: couldn’t there have been enough time for generations and generations to differ in their success?

A

Charles Darwin

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7
Q

Where did Darwin first get his idea for the Origin of Species?

A

voyage of the HMS Beagle (1831)

-22 years old

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8
Q

In the Origin of Species, Darwin includes one figure which depicts what?

A
  • shows evolution
  • phylogenetic relatedness
  • extinction
  • speciation
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9
Q

Biological evolution

A

genetic change over time (generations)

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10
Q

Natural selection

A

the differential success of individuals within a population that results from interactions with their environment

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11
Q

What are the 4 Tenants of Natural Selection?

A
  1. more offspring are produced than survive (competition)
  2. Organisms produce offspring with different traits (variability)
  3. traits are genetic (inherited)
  4. Offspring experience differences in survival (and reproduction): (adaptation)
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12
Q

Why is natural selection not about:

  • survival of the fittest
  • longest-lived
  • fastest
  • most intelligent
  • prettiest
A

none of these matter unless they improve an individual’s ability to pass their genes on to the next generation

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13
Q

Evolutionary Stable Strategies

A

a strategy that once adopted by a population, cannot be invaded by an alternative strategy

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14
Q

Why are most strategies not evolutionarily stable?

A

something else wins eventually

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15
Q

_______ are a product of natural selection

A

adaptations

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16
Q

adaptation

A

any heritable behavioral, morphological, or physiological trait of an organism that maintains or increases fitness of an organism in a given environment

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17
Q

Fitness

A

long-term reproductive success; relative reproductive success of one individual compared to members of the same species in a particular environment

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18
Q

______ are the units of inheritance

A

genes

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19
Q

Genes

A

what pass adaptations to offspring; stretches of DNA that code for a functional product

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20
Q

Alleles

A

variations in genes; alternative forms of the same gene

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21
Q

Ultimately, the genotype produces the ______

A

phenotype

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22
Q

Natural selection can achieve similar results from completely different __________

A

sources of material (genes)

23
Q

The _______ is the physical expression of the genotype

A

phenotype

24
Q

Qualitative traits

A

discrete, categorical traits (presence/absence)

25
Q

Quantitative traits

A

measurable traits (ex. height, weight, etc.)

26
Q

Heritability

A

a statistic used that estimates how much variation in a phenotypic trait is due to genetics and not environment

27
Q

The expression of most phenotypic traits is affected by the _______.

A

environment

28
Q

Phenotypic plasticity

A

the ability of a genotype to give rise to different phenotypic expressions under different environmental conditions

29
Q

Reaction norm

A

the set of phenotypes expressed by a single genotype across a range of environmental conditions

30
Q

Acclimation

A

organisms respond to brief changes in environmental conditions

31
Q

Genetic variation occurs at the level of the ________.

A

population

32
Q

Genetic differentiation

A

occurs when there is genetic variation among subpopulations

33
Q

Gene pool

A

the sum of the genetic variation across all individuals of a population

34
Q

Evolution

A

change in gene frequency over time

35
Q

Phenotypic evolution

A

change in the average phenotypic trait over time

36
Q

Natural selection is a product of what two conditions?

A
  • heritable variatioin

- variation results in differential survival and reproduction

37
Q

Target of selection

A

the phenotypic trait that selection acts directly upon

38
Q

Selective agent

A

the environmental cause of the fitness difference among organisms with different phenotypes

39
Q

What are the three different types of natural selection?

A
  • directional
  • disruptive
  • stabilizing
40
Q

Directional selection

A

when natural selection shifts the average phenotype away from the previous average

41
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

occurs when there is selection against the extreme phenotypes

42
Q

Disruptive selection

A

occurs when there is selection against an intermediate phenotype

43
Q

Mutation

A

random and unpredictable change in a gene

44
Q

What is the ultimate driver of evolution?

A

mutations

45
Q

Genetic Drift

A

change in allele frequency due to random chance

46
Q

Migration

A

movement of individuals into or out of a local population

47
Q

Gene flow

A

movement of genes between populations

48
Q

Five processes that can drive evolution

A
  1. natural selection
  2. mutation
  3. genetic drift
  4. migration
  5. non-random mating
49
Q

Clines

A

measurable, gradual change in a population along an environmental gradient

50
Q

Clines can produce complicated species interactions. An example is

A

ring species; a connected series of neighboring populations which can interbreed, but the two “end” populations cannot

51
Q

Adaptations reflect _____ and ______.

A

trade-offs; constraints

52
Q

Constraints

A

limitations imposed on an organism due to their adaptations to their local environment

53
Q

Trade-offs

A

an increased ability in one task often results in a decreased ability in another

Ecology (11 decks)

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